Social Stratification in Foraging Societies

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What does increased distance between social layers and shifts toward extremes in a population's social categories indicate?

A more egalitarian society

A decrease in social stratification

Increased social stratification (correct)

A society with few social categories

How is the degree of social stratification often measured?

By the number of social categories

Through assessments of inequality (correct)

By the distribution of emotional resources

By the level of social equality

What is a key characteristic of small foraging societies regarding social inequality?

Significant stratification around gender

Tendency for egalitarianism (correct)

High levels of social inequality

A hierarchical structure based on wealth

What factors primarily define social categories in foraging societies?

Gender, age, and kinship (B) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of using schemas to evaluate social roles, events, and individuals?

Social cognition (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is stratification among men in foraging societies primarily expressed?

Through unequal access to symbolic or emotional resources. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions are people most likely to rely on categorical judgments?

Under conditions of threat or uncertainty (C) Signup and view all the answers

How are selfishness and hoarding typically discouraged in foraging societies?

Through informal leveling mechanisms such as ridicule and shaming (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of social schemas?

They are typically associated with emotional valences. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common basis of stratification in foraging societies?

Gender (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of men spending large amounts of time alone hunting?

It reinforces aggressive and domineering predispositions in males. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is considered the emotional center?

The limbic system (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which system has more connections to the rational brain?

The limbic system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a predetermined emotional orientation toward individuals or objects?

Prejudice (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a component that prejudices may contain?

Both conscious and unconscious components (D) Signup and view all the answers

What might a ‘principled racist’ believe?

That one race is superior and should subordinate others (A) Signup and view all the answers

What key technological advancement around 1800 triggered a significant shift in societal inequality?

Mechanization in agricultural production (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which system represents the most extreme form of categorical inequality?

Slavery (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did the nature of work change as a result of industrialization?

The number of non-agricultural occupations rose rapidly (D) Signup and view all the answers

How did the distribution of people across different job categories change in the United States between 1850 and 1950?

The variance increased by a factor of four (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was a key means of exploitation under the Jim Crow system?

Sharecropping (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main result of emulation in the context of categorical inequality?

The copying and transfer of social distinctions across groups and settings (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the major impact of industrialization on the absolute economic gap?

It dramatically widened the gap between the top and the bottom of social structures (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does adaptation reinforce categorical inequality?

By orienting day-to-day behaviors around ranked categories. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What major event in the United States led to a compression in the distribution of earnings and reduced inequality?

The restructuring of the political economy after the Great Depression and World War II (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Tilly, what effect do exploitation and opportunity hoarding have on categorical inequality?

They favor the installation of categorical inequality. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the economic period roughly between 1945 and 1975 in the US?

Decreases in poverty, rises in median incomes, and progressive drops in inequality (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of economy emerged in the 1970s that shifted the nature of work once again?

Post-Industrial Economy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the spread of Jim Crow legislation in the South?

It was imitated by other states after initial success. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did African Americans’ adaptation to the Jim Crow South manifest?

By internalizing their subordinate social position. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was one key consequence of the shift to the new 'post-industrial' economy?

An increased distance between the top and bottom of the social hierarchy. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a common adaptation of white people in the Jim Crow South?

They followed formal and informal rules that allowed them to victimize African Americans. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is most active when perceiving a social actor?

The medial prefrontal cortex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding in the Harris and Fiske (2006) fMRI study?

The medial prefrontal cortex did not activate when viewing images of despised out-groups. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the research, how were African Americans viewed in the Jim Crow South by White Americans?

As neither competent nor warm (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dehumanizing a group at the neural level?

It gives a perception of permission to treat them as objects. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What concept is described as overestimating dispositional factors when explaining behaviours?

The fundamental attribution error (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of group formation and boundary definition that questions a group's humanity?

An ideological process applied to dehumanized groups. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does fMRI measure to assess neural activity?

Changes in blood flow (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category used in Harris' and Fiske's (2006) study to classify social images?

Respected out-groups (A) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily categorizes ascribed characteristics in social stratification?

Inherited physical traits (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the unequal distribution of people across social categories with different levels of access to resources?

Stratification (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stratum' in stratification refer to?

A geological layer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes achieved statuses in social stratification?

Attributes earned through life experiences (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a graduated category in social stratification?

Income brackets (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does stratification create among social categories?

Vertical ordering of people (A) Signup and view all the answers

What types of resources can be subject to stratification?

Material, symbolic, and emotional (A) Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the distance from the top to the bottom of a society in terms of stratification?

The access gap to resources (C) Signup and view all the answers