Social Stratification in Foraging Societies

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Questions and Answers

What does increased distance between social layers and shifts toward extremes in a population's social categories indicate?

  • A more egalitarian society
  • A decrease in social stratification
  • Increased social stratification (correct)
  • A society with few social categories

How is the degree of social stratification often measured?

  • By the number of social categories
  • Through assessments of inequality (correct)
  • By the distribution of emotional resources
  • By the level of social equality

What is a key characteristic of small foraging societies regarding social inequality?

  • Significant stratification around gender
  • Tendency for egalitarianism (correct)
  • High levels of social inequality
  • A hierarchical structure based on wealth

What factors primarily define social categories in foraging societies?

<p>Gender, age, and kinship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of using schemas to evaluate social roles, events, and individuals?

<p>Social cognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is stratification among men in foraging societies primarily expressed?

<p>Through unequal access to symbolic or emotional resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions are people most likely to rely on categorical judgments?

<p>Under conditions of threat or uncertainty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are selfishness and hoarding typically discouraged in foraging societies?

<p>Through informal leveling mechanisms such as ridicule and shaming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of social schemas?

<p>They are typically associated with emotional valences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common basis of stratification in foraging societies?

<p>Gender (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of men spending large amounts of time alone hunting?

<p>It reinforces aggressive and domineering predispositions in males. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is considered the emotional center?

<p>The limbic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system has more connections to the rational brain?

<p>The limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a predetermined emotional orientation toward individuals or objects?

<p>Prejudice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a component that prejudices may contain?

<p>Both conscious and unconscious components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a ‘principled racist’ believe?

<p>That one race is superior and should subordinate others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key technological advancement around 1800 triggered a significant shift in societal inequality?

<p>Mechanization in agricultural production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system represents the most extreme form of categorical inequality?

<p>Slavery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the nature of work change as a result of industrialization?

<p>The number of non-agricultural occupations rose rapidly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the distribution of people across different job categories change in the United States between 1850 and 1950?

<p>The variance increased by a factor of four (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key means of exploitation under the Jim Crow system?

<p>Sharecropping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main result of emulation in the context of categorical inequality?

<p>The copying and transfer of social distinctions across groups and settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major impact of industrialization on the absolute economic gap?

<p>It dramatically widened the gap between the top and the bottom of social structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does adaptation reinforce categorical inequality?

<p>By orienting day-to-day behaviors around ranked categories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in the United States led to a compression in the distribution of earnings and reduced inequality?

<p>The restructuring of the political economy after the Great Depression and World War II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Tilly, what effect do exploitation and opportunity hoarding have on categorical inequality?

<p>They favor the installation of categorical inequality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the economic period roughly between 1945 and 1975 in the US?

<p>Decreases in poverty, rises in median incomes, and progressive drops in inequality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of economy emerged in the 1970s that shifted the nature of work once again?

<p>Post-Industrial Economy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the spread of Jim Crow legislation in the South?

<p>It was imitated by other states after initial success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did African Americans’ adaptation to the Jim Crow South manifest?

<p>By internalizing their subordinate social position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one key consequence of the shift to the new 'post-industrial' economy?

<p>An increased distance between the top and bottom of the social hierarchy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common adaptation of white people in the Jim Crow South?

<p>They followed formal and informal rules that allowed them to victimize African Americans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is most active when perceiving a social actor?

<p>The medial prefrontal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding in the Harris and Fiske (2006) fMRI study?

<p>The medial prefrontal cortex did not activate when viewing images of despised out-groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the research, how were African Americans viewed in the Jim Crow South by White Americans?

<p>As neither competent nor warm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dehumanizing a group at the neural level?

<p>It gives a perception of permission to treat them as objects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is described as overestimating dispositional factors when explaining behaviours?

<p>The fundamental attribution error (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of group formation and boundary definition that questions a group's humanity?

<p>An ideological process applied to dehumanized groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does fMRI measure to assess neural activity?

<p>Changes in blood flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category used in Harris' and Fiske's (2006) study to classify social images?

<p>Respected out-groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily categorizes ascribed characteristics in social stratification?

<p>Inherited physical traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the unequal distribution of people across social categories with different levels of access to resources?

<p>Stratification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stratum' in stratification refer to?

<p>A geological layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes achieved statuses in social stratification?

<p>Attributes earned through life experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a graduated category in social stratification?

<p>Income brackets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stratification create among social categories?

<p>Vertical ordering of people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of resources can be subject to stratification?

<p>Material, symbolic, and emotional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the distance from the top to the bottom of a society in terms of stratification?

<p>The access gap to resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Structure

A framework that categorizes individuals based on traits.

Achieved Characteristics

Traits acquired through life experiences and accomplishments.

Ascribed Characteristics

Traits assigned at birth based on inherent qualities.

Stratification

Unequal distribution of resources across social categories.

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Nominal Categories

Social groups labeled by shared qualities without a rank.

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Graduated Categories

Ranked social groups based on a quantitative continuum.

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Social Strata

Distinct layers in society based on access to resources.

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Resources in Stratification

Includes material, symbolic, and emotional resources distributed unevenly.

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Social Stratification

A hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society based on wealth, power, or status.

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Social Inequality

The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among individuals or groups in society.

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Egalitarian Societies

Societies characterized by equal access to resources and a lack of social stratification.

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Stratification and Gender

Differences in social standing and roles typically seen between males and females in a society.

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Informal Leveling Mechanisms

Social practices that discourage inequality by promoting sharing and cooperation.

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Symbolic Resources

Non-material resources like prestige and social status that are distributed unevenly.

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Gender Stratification

The unequal distribution of power, resources, and opportunities between genders.

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Local Ecology's Impact

The influence of environmental factors on social behaviors and stratification patterns.

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Industrial Revolution

A period around 1800 marked by mechanization and technological innovations, leading to increased productivity and urbanization.

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Mechanization

The use of machinery to increase productivity, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.

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Occupational Differentiation

The increasing variety of jobs and occupations that emerged as industrialization progressed.

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Post-Industrial Economy

An economy focused on knowledge and information rather than physical goods and services, emerging in the 1970s.

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New Deal

A series of economic programs implemented in the U.S. after the Great Depression to promote recovery and reduce inequality.

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Inequality

The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among different groups in society.

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Economic Tides

Metaphor used to describe how economic conditions can improve or decline over time, impacting all society levels.

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Slavery

The extreme form of categorical inequality where one group's labor is entirely exploited by another.

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Jim Crow

A social system that enforced racial segregation and discrimination in the American South after slavery.

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Sharecropping

An agricultural system used post-slavery that exploited black labor while limiting their economic opportunities.

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Exploitation

The act of taking advantage of a group for labor or resources without fair compensation.

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Opportunity Hoarding

Restricting access to resources or opportunities for certain social groups to maintain a status quo.

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Emulation

The process where one group copies the social distinctions and behaviors of another group.

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Adaptation

Adjusting behavior and social relations based on the existence of ranked social categories.

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Institutionalization of Inequality

The process where categorical distinctions become ingrained over time within social structures.

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Social Cognition

The process of evaluating oneself and social entities through schemas.

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Schemas

Mental frameworks used to organize and interpret information about the world.

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Limbic System

The brain's emotional center that processes memories and feelings.

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Prefrontal Cortex

The brain region responsible for rational thinking and decision-making.

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System 1 and System 2

Dual processing systems in the brain; intuitive (System 1) and analytical (System 2).

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Emotional Valences

Associations of positive or negative feelings with categories and individuals.

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Prejudice

A predisposed emotional orientation toward certain social groups or objects.

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Principled Racists

Individuals who consciously believe in the inferiority of other races.

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Dehumanization

The process of perceiving individuals as less than human.

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Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Brain region activated when recognizing social actors.

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fMRI

A brain imaging technique to study neural activity.

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Envy and Pity in Out-Groups

Feelings that can trigger human recognition in the brain.

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Despised Out-Groups

Groups viewed with contempt and dehumanization.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

Overestimating personal factors over situational influences in behavior.

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How Stratification Works PDF

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