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Study Notes
Anthropology, Psychology, Sociology Exam Format
- Exam format includes multiple choice, true/false, short answer, matching, and article response.
- Total marks are 115.
- Brain questions are multiple choice.
- 20 theories are matching.
Social Science Inquiry Model
- Step 1: Questions - formulating questions about a topic that impacts many people, answerable through investigation.
- Step 2: Focus - reviewing existing knowledge on the research topic, identifying prior research.
- Step 3: Develop a Hypothesis - proposing a possible answer to the research question.
- Step 4: Collect Data - selecting appropriate methods like surveys and experiments to gather data.
- Step 5: Assemble and Analyze Data - organizing data into charts, graphs, or other formats for better communication.
- Step 6: Stop and Check - ensuring sufficient data to confirm or deny the hypothesis (returning to step 4 if more data is needed).
- Step 7: Present Results - sharing research findings with others.
- Step 8: Reflection - evaluating the research process, identifying rewards and challenges.
Psychology Unit
- Neuroscientist: studies the brain's functions and impact on behavior.
- Brain weight: approximately 2% of the average adult's total body weight (T/F).
- Perceptual constancy: how the brain interprets consistent images despite changing perspectives.
- Perceptual set: how experiences and expectations affect how the world is seen.
- Neuroplasticity: the brain's ability to change and adapt.
- Neuroplasticity allows the brain to repair itself.
Language Development
- Skinner's theory of language development: language is learned through operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment).
- Chomsky's theory of language acquisition: humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language.
- Crucial brain development does not occur between 10-25 (T/F).
- Sleep takes up 1/3 of our lives.
Sleep
- Sleep has 5 stages.
- REM sleep stands for Rapid Eye Movement.
- Sigmund Freud was a psychologist who viewed dreams.
- Isolated sleep paralysis (ISP).
Psychological Development
- Cognitive development: focuses on children's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skills, and language.
- Intellectual development: measures how individuals learn to think and reason about the world.
- Emotional development: a child's ability to regulate and control emotions and form secure relationships.
- Moral development: formation of a system of values.
- Social development: learning skills to effectively relate to others.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: development and behavior are influenced by biological heredity, not social interactions.
- Nurture: development and behavior result from socialization and social environment.
- Mental health: capacity to use abilities in ways that allow mental and emotional wellbeing; a state of functioning.
- Mental illness: a disturbance in thoughts and emotions, lowering one's ability to cope with daily challenges.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
- Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy)
- Autonomy vs Shame (Toddlerhood)
- Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool)
- Industry vs Inferiority (School Age)
- Identity vs Role Confusion (School Age)
- Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adulthood)
- Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
- Integrity vs Despair (Old Age)
Cults
- Religious cults: communal living, members might not participate in society, average recruitment age is in the 20s.
- Different from other groups, they are recognized through religious organization.
- Promote improving the world through spiritual and political actions.
Types of Memory
- Episodic memory: recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences.
- Semantic memory: knowledge of how the world works, including word meanings.
- Procedural memory: knowledge of how to perform actions and skills (e.g., riding a bike).
Sociology Unit
- Industrial revolution impacted social conditions, necessitating the study of sociology.
Macrosociology and Microsociology
- Macrosociology: analyzing social systems and populations on a large scale.
- Microsociology: studying small groups and individuals.
- Sociological schools of thought (structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interaction, feminist sociology).
Neighborhood
- Affluent neighborhoods: more supervision, less crime.
- Poorer neighborhoods: less supervision, more crime.
- Religion: basis of morality, sense of community.
- Daycare: positive & negative outcomes for children.
- Schools: intended (education) and unintended (transmitting norms, reinforcing social class) functions.
Peer groups, Sports, and Jobs: Aspects that shape socialisation
- Peer groups: replacing the importance of parents and schools.
- Subcultures: dress, music, language, values.
- Sports: instrumental relationships, competitiveness.
- Jobs: anticipatory socialization, preparing for future roles.
- Social groups: two or more people interacting and aware of commonalities.
- Primary groups: small, close, like family or friends (face-to-face interactions).
- Secondary groups: larger, less personal (e.g., organization).
- Social roles: behaviours expected of individuals; norms: dictate behavior.
- Sanctions: encourage or discourage behaviour.
- Social lottery: some people have a headstart due to their parents' background.
- Advantages: stability, emotional and moral support, or spiritual guidance.
- Disadvantages: poverty, lack of support, limited opportunities.
Abnormal Socialization
- Abnormal socialization: drifting from societal norms.
- Feral children: unwanted children raised by animals.
- Isolated children: raised in near-isolation.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years): understanding objects.
- Preoperational stage (2-7 years): symbolic thinking, egocentrism.
- Concrete operational stage (7-11 years): mental operations (e.g., reversibility).
- Formal operational stage (12 years-adulthood): hypothetical thinking.
Anthropology
- Paleoanthropology: study of ancient ancestors.
- Primatology: study of primates, (humans, monkeys, apes).
- Human variation: the study of physical differences and similarities of existing human populations.
- Archaeology: branch of anthropology.
- Cultural anthropology.
Bronislaw Malinowski, Margaret Mead
- Bronislaw Malinowski: studied the Trobriand Islanders and analyzed their Kula ring.
- Margaret Mead: studied three Pacific Island groups and how culture influenced gender roles and personality.
Parts of the Brain
- Descriptions of different parts of the brain and their functions.
- This includes the medulla, reticular formation, pons, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, and cerebral cortex.
Theories of Cultural Anthropology
- Social evolutionism: gradual cultural progress.
- Functionalism: how culture fulfills individual needs.
- Historicism: cultural reality shaped by historical events.
- Culture and personality: culture's influence on personality.
- Cultural materialism: cultural development in stages.
- Feminist anthropology: gender roles in culture.
- Postmodernism: challenging traditional ways of thinking about culture.
Language
- Earliest communication: body language.
- Linguistic relativity theory: how language determines how people perceive the world.
- Andocentric language: sexist language that implies males are dominant.
- Residential schools: driving force in the extinction of many Indigenous languages.
- Estimated number of languages spoken globally is 600.
Additional Information
- Evolution as a theory (T/F).
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- Gregor Mendel: founder of modern genetics.
- Charles Darwin: father of evolution.
- Natural selection: superior individuals more likely to survive.
- Race: a social construct.
- Homo Neanderthalensis: a hominin with a fully developed brain
- Mary Leakey: discovered prehistoric hominin footprints.
- Excavation: archaeologists' method to recover artifacts.
- Tool use: employing physical objects for achieving tasks.
- Jane Goodall: primatologist studying chimpanzee behaviour.
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Description
Prepare for your upcoming exam with this comprehensive overview of the Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology exam format. This guide outlines the types of questions you'll encounter and introduces the Social Science Inquiry Model, which helps in formulating and analyzing research questions effectively.