Social Science Class 6: Enlightenment and Birth
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary conception of man among most philosophes during the Enlightenment?

  • Individualist conception of man (correct)
  • Collectivist conception of man
  • Socialist conception of man
  • Humanist conception of man

    • According to methodological individualism, what is the basis of understanding society as a whole?

  • Examining the role of institutions in society
  • Studying the collective consciousness of society
  • Understanding the social structure of society
  • Analyzing the aggregate of individual actions (correct)

    • What is the primary distinction between methodological individualism and methodological collectivism?

  • Focus on individual rights versus collective rights
  • Emphasis on individual freedom versus social control
  • Importance of economics versus importance of politics
  • Society as an aggregate of individuals versus society as a super-individual entity (correct)

    • What was the influence of the Enlightenment on the development of social sciences?

    <p>It paved the way for the emergence of sociology as a distinct field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following authors is associated with the book 'Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies'?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Comte's perspective on society in the context of social sciences?

    <p>He believed society has its own laws, independent of its members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Saint-Simon's proposal to counteract the negative forces of conflict and disorder in modern society?

    <p>The creation of a new science of man and society through a major social reorganization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central tenet of Enlightenment thinking that contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

    <p>The universality of human nature and secularism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the French Revolution on the development of social sciences?

    <p>The emergence of new economically powerful middle classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key idea behind Auguste Comte's positivism?

    <p>The development of a naturalistic science of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key ingredient in the emergence of social science during the Enlightenment?

    <p>The separation of fact and value implicit in the scientific method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key similarity between Comte and Durkheim's approaches to sociology?

    <p>The emphasis on clear definition of sociology's subject matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a basic condition for the emergence of social science during the Enlightenment?

    <p>The control of value-judgements from unduly influencing the results of empirical study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Alexis de Tocqueville's main concern in his social science?

    <p>Understanding modern democracy and modern societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an unresolved philosophical consequence of the Enlightenment in the social sciences?

    <p>The emphasis on rationalism, empiricism, and humanitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the objective of the philosophes during the Enlightenment?

    <p>To understand and change society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key aspect of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity?

    <p>The separation of fact and value in the scientific method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between the Enlightenment and the birth of social sciences?

    <p>The Enlightenment laid the foundation for the development of social sciences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the core idea behind cultural relativism?

    <p>The importance of cross-cultural comparison in social science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of the philosophes during the Enlightenment?

    <p>Their emphasis on rationalism, empiricism, and humanitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in the development of social sciences during the Enlightenment?

    <p>The emphasis on naturalism and the scientific method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of science and industry according to Saint-Simon?

    <p>To be put at the service of mankind through a major social reorganization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the importance of spiritual and metaphysical world in understanding social phenomena.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The French Revolution had a negative impact on the development of social sciences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auguste Comte and Saint-Simon were both critical of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment thinkers believed that social sciences should be based on value-judgments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methodological individualism views society as a system with its own laws, independent of its members.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment's emphasis on rationalism, empiricism, and humanitarianism led to a unified philosophical perspective in the social sciences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment thinkers, unlike Comte, believed that society is a super-individual entity with a life on its own.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment period saw the emergence of sociology as a distinct discipline.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity was focused on preserving traditional social and political structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auguste Comte's approach to sociology was influenced by the French Revolution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The philosophes during the Enlightenment believed in social and political equality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stuart Hall, David Held, Don Hubert, and Kenneth Thompson's book 'Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies' was published in 1996.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment thinkers believed that human nature is universally flawed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auguste Comte's theory of human progress is based on the concept of biological organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The French Revolution led to the decline of the social sciences as a professional academic discipline.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saint-Simon proposed a 'religion of Newton' to counteract the negative forces of conflict and disorder in modern society.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alexis de Tocqueville's main concern was to provide an ideological foundation for modern democracy through scientific discourse.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment thinkers did not have a coherent explanatory model of the society in which they existed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment formed the first stage in forging a modern conception of society as reducible entirely to divine agency.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emile Durkheim was not influenced by Auguste Comte's ideas and approach to sociology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment philosophers did not aim to change society, but only to understand it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural relativism was not a central methodological tenet of social science during the Enlightenment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between methodological individualism and methodological collectivism in understanding society?

    <p>Methodological individualism views society as an aggregate of individuals, whereas methodological collectivism views society as a super-individual entity with its own laws, independent of its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the French Revolution impact the development of social sciences?

    <p>The French Revolution contributed to the emergence of social sciences as a distinct discipline, with Enlightenment thinkers seeking to understand and address the social and political upheaval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in the emergence of sociology as a distinct discipline during the Enlightenment?

    <p>The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason, empiricism, and humanitarianism led to the emergence of sociology as a distinct discipline, with thinkers seeking to understand and address social and political phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key aspect of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity?

    <p>The Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity was characterized by an emphasis on reason, progress, and humanitarianism, with thinkers seeking to create a more just and equal society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key similarity between Comte and Durkheim's approaches to sociology?

    <p>Both Comte and Durkheim viewed society as a system with its own laws, independent of its members, reflecting a methodological collectivist approach to understanding society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key aspect of the Enlightenment's understanding of human nature?

    <p>The Enlightenment thinkers did not have a unified view of human nature, with some viewing it as universally flawed and others believing in the potential for human progress and improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key aspect of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity that contributed to the emergence of social science?

    <p>The emphasis on rationalism, empiricism, and humanitarianism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the French Revolution on the development of social sciences?

    <p>It influenced the development of social sciences by providing a catalyst for the emergence of sociology as a distinct discipline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two basic conditions for the emergence of social science during the Enlightenment?

    <p>Naturalism and control of value-judgments from unduly influencing the results of empirical study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Saint-Simon and Comte in the emergence of sociology?

    <p>They were two key Enlightenment thinkers who contributed to the emergence of sociology as a distinct discipline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unresolved philosophical consequence of the Enlightenment in the social sciences?

    <p>The difficulty in establishing a scientific basis for societal and cultural values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key characteristic of the philosophes during the Enlightenment?

    <p>Their emphasis on rationalism, empiricism, and humanitarianism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Enlightenment contribute to the emergence of social sciences as professional academic disciplines?

    <p>The Enlightenment contributed to the emergence of social sciences by providing a catalyst for the development of new modes of thought, quests for new modes of thought to deal with the new social and political realities created by the French Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Saint-Simon's proposal to counteract the negative forces of conflict and disorder in modern society?

    <p>Saint-Simon proposed to found a new science of man and society, and for scientists to act as new religious leaders, proposing a 'religion of Newton' to counteract the negative forces of conflict and disorder in modern society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Auguste Comte's key idea behind positivism?

    <p>Auguste Comte's key idea behind positivism was to create a naturalistic science of society, explaining its past and predicting its future, based on the idea of the development of the human mind and societal stages mirroring the developments of the human intellect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the French Revolution impact the development of social sciences?

    <p>The French Revolution provided a catalyst for the development of social sciences as professional academic disciplines, as it created a perpetual crisis in modern European societies, leading to quests for new modes of thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Enlightenment's emphasis on?

    <p>The Enlightenment emphasized the importance of reason, empiricism, humanitarianism, and the scientific method in understanding social phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Alexis de Tocqueville's main concern in his social science?

    <p>Alexis de Tocqueville's main concern was to think about modern democracy and modern societies, not to provide an ideological foundation for modern democracy through scientific discourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key similarity between Comte and Durkheim's approaches to sociology?

    <p>The key similarity between Comte and Durkheim's approaches to sociology was their emphasis on the clear definition of sociology's subject matter and the methodological principles to underpin the new science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity focused on?

    <p>The Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity was focused on changing society, particularly in terms of social and political equality, rather than preserving traditional social and political structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key aspect of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity?

    <p>A key aspect of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity was the emphasis on the universal principles of human nature, secularism, and natural science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between the Enlightenment and the birth of social sciences?

    <p>The Enlightenment formed the first stage in the development of the modern social sciences, as it provided a catalyst for the emergence of new modes of thought and quests for new modes of thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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