Social Psychology Quiz

<p>The perception of the whole rather than isolated components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minor situational influences that can guide behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through experience and socialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptations to historical challenges faced by ancestors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assuming what is natural is inherently good or acceptable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Better-than-average effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-enhancement desires positive self-views, while self-verification desires consistency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basking in reflected glory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling behavior to achieve goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariation principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Framing effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To external factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-lasting mood state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cannon-Bard theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes bonding and trust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious imitation of others’ emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brief emotional responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tight societies exhibit strict norms and low tolerance for deviance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drawing conclusions is the final step after testing hypotheses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They guide attention, memory, and the perception of self-relevant information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It often results in feelings of inadequacy and inferiority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which results are influenced solely by the independent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stable and enduring sense of self-worth over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manipulate independent variables and establish causality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a baseline for comparison to experimental groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes individuals to ignore information that contradicts existing beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It varies based on the most salient traits in a given social setting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrating both self-knowledge and other-knowledge for a comprehensive understanding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot determine causation due to potential third variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working-class values emphasize individuality over collectivism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-esteem fluctuates based on success or failure in valued domains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They broaden attention and build resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune Neglect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-effort, logical processing of information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed impact of a message due to source discounting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legitimacy of the authority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Getting agreement to a small request to lead to a larger request. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires ongoing social interaction to be met. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the perceived value of outcomes that required effort. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generating resistant attitudes through exposure to weak arguments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attentional Biases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Awareness of mortality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hostile Media Phenomenon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External factors can lead to discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communal relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Western cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive outcomes from relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equal contributions from both partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxious attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strange Situation paradigm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the chances of encountering others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mere Exposure Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectations for high rewards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feelings of distress or guilt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidant attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balancing personal weaknesses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loneliness causing depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soft, comforting 'mother' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automatic emotional intuitions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral dumbfounding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fairness/Reciprocity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the victim resembles them in social class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive altruism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion of responsibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disgust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empathic concern aims to alleviate others' suffering, while personal distress focuses on relieving one's own discomfort. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower population density leads to closer community ties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equal status and opportunities for personal interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiculturalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By recognizing disconfirming evidence as exceptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Institutional Discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preference for maintaining social hierarchies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Describing certain groups using disparaging language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warmth and Competence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They struggle to determine if mistreatment is due to bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear of confirming negative stereotypes leading to poorer performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women invest more in child-rearing, seeking resource providers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wealth disparities are seen as a result of individual effort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical attraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The assumption that attractive people possess other positive qualities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dominant groups maintaining their power through deferential behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arising from competition for limited resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preference for one's own group without animosity toward outgroups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creates barriers due to fear of reinforcing stereotypes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unique challenges faced by individuals with multiple marginalized identities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase the likelihood of choosing partners with high status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Romantic love (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may not capture true beliefs due to social desirability bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halo effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociocultural perspective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Realistic Group Conflict Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific study of how people think, feel, and act in social situations.

The tendency to overestimate internal factors (personality) and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

Interpretations and perceptions of social situations.

Mental frameworks organizing knowledge about the world; generalized about groups.

Situational factors significantly impact behavior more than we often realize.

Small situational aspects that significantly affect behavior.

Automatic processing is unconscious, fast; conscious is deliberate, slower.

Cultures differ in their emphasis on individual achievement vs. group harmony.

Informal, intuitive explanations of social behavior based on observations.

Scientific frameworks to explain and predict social behavior.

The tendency to see an outcome as predictable after it has happened.

Seeking or interpreting information to support existing beliefs.

Systematic approach to research involving observation, hypotheses, testing, and conclusions.

Studying behavior in natural settings.

Analyzing existing records and data.

Examining relationships between variables.

Manipulating one variable to see its effect on another, while controlling other factors.

How sure you are that the independent variable caused the effect.

How well the research results generalize to other situations.

Cognitive structures representing beliefs and feelings about oneself.

The part of self-knowledge active in a given context.

Evaluating the self by comparing to others.

Overall evaluation of one's worth.

The tendency to view oneself as above average in positive traits.

Interpreting information in ways that boost self-perception.

The desire to maintain or increase positive self-views.

Desire for consistency in self-perceptions, even if negative.

Creating obstacles to explain potential failures (e.g., procrastinating).

Associating with successful others.

Managing how we are perceived by others

The public image people want others to see and accept.

People assess causation by considering consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

Overemphasizing dispositional causes while underestimating situational influences.

Success attributed to internal factors, failure to external ones.

Actors attribute their behavior to situations; observers attribute the same behavior to dispositions.

Judging probability based on ease of recall.

Emphasizes personal achievement and individual traits.

Emphasis on relationships and group harmony.

Emotions that are valued differently across cultures. For example, excitement might be more valued in some cultures compared to calmness.

The ability to control and manage one's emotions. This varies across cultures, with some cultures emphasizing suppression of emotions.

Positive emotions broaden attention, build cognitive resources, and promote creativity, according to Barbara Fredrickson's hypothesis.

Research demonstrating that positive moods enhance creativity and problem-solving flexibility.

Predicting how we will feel in the future. Often inaccurate due to biases.

Underestimating our ability to cope with negative events.

Overemphasizing one event while ignoring others.

Ignoring how long an emotion will last.

Factors that significantly contribute to happiness, such as strong relationships, meaningful work, gratitude, and good health.

A judgment or evaluation about an object, person, or idea.

The three main components of an attitude: Affective (feelings), Cognitive (thoughts), Behavioral (action).

Attitudes that are consciously endorsed and easily reported.

Unconscious attitudes that are revealed through indirect methods.

A study demonstrating inconsistency between attitudes and behavior. Businesses served Chinese customers despite expressing prejudice.

The uncomfortable state caused by holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

Social isolation in humans can lead to both psychological and physical problems, such as depression, due to the lack of social interaction.

A study where participants are excluded from a virtual ball game, showing that social rejection activates brain regions associated with physical pain.

Monkeys preferred a soft, comforting 'mother' over a wire 'mother' that only provided food, highlighting the importance of social connection and comfort in development.

Relationships based on mutual care and concern, where individuals provide support without expecting anything in return.

Relationships based on reciprocity and fairness, where individuals expect to receive something back after giving something.

The idea that people are motivated to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships.

Positive outcomes from relationships, such as emotional support, companionship, and tangible resources.

A standard by which people evaluate the rewards and costs of a relationship based on past experiences.

The perception of whether there are better alternatives available outside of the current relationship.

People in relationships strive for fairness, where both partners contribute equally and receive equal benefits.

Developed from research on infant-caregiver bonds, describing different attachment styles based on early experiences.

Children are distressed when separated from their caregiver but easily comforted upon reunion.

Children are overly distressed when separated and have difficulty calming down, seeking reassurance.

Children avoid their caregiver and show little distress during separation, appearing independent.

The likelihood of encountering others due to the layout of a space or shared activities.

Repeated exposure to a stimulus (person, object, or idea) increases liking and familiarity.

Automatic, emotional responses that guide moral judgments, often without conscious reasoning.

Having a strong moral belief but being unable to explain why rationally.

One of the five moral foundations focusing on empathy and protecting the vulnerable.

Focuses on justice and equality, with violations triggering anger and a desire for fairness.

Acting to benefit others, often with selfless motives.

A genuine desire to improve another person's well-being, motivated by compassion.

The tendency for people to be less likely to help when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility.

Assuming no help is needed because others appear calm, even though everyone may be privately concerned.

People in rural areas tend to show more empathy and altruism than those in urban areas.

Urban environments can overwhelm attention, making it harder to focus on others' needs.

The idea that individuals with lower social status might seek relationships with higher-status individuals to increase their own social standing.

The tendency to perceive physically attractive individuals as possessing other positive qualities, such as intelligence or kindness.

Being attractive can lead to disadvantages, such as jealousy from others, unrealistic expectations, or being objectified.

This perspective emphasizes how gender roles and societal norms influence mate preferences, with women often prioritizing stability and men favoring physical attractiveness.

This perspective suggests that mate preferences are rooted in biological factors, with men driven to seek signs of fertility and women prioritizing resources and stability for child-rearing.

Women generally invest more in child-rearing, so they tend to be more selective in choosing partners who can provide resources and support.

A type of love characterized by intimacy and commitment, but lacking passion; often found in long-term relationships.

Love defined by caring, selflessness, and empathy towards a partner.

Love driven by passion and intimacy, but without a commitment.

This model explains how factors like satisfaction, alternatives, and investments influence the commitment level in a relationship.

Certain personality traits influence relationship satisfaction and divorce. For instance, neuroticism is associated with dissatisfaction, while extraversion is linked to positive relationships.

These are four destructive communication patterns (criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling) that can significantly harm relationships.

Satisfied couples tend to make positive attributions for their partner's actions, while dissatisfied couples attribute negativity.

Regions like the ventral tegmental area and caudate nucleus, associated with reward and motivation, become active when we experience love.

A type of prejudice where individuals explicitly reject racism but may still harbor implicit biases, leading to discrimination often masked or justified.

Contact between groups can reduce prejudice if certain conditions are met, including equal status, shared goals, institutional support, and one-on-one interactions.

Emphasizes the value of cultural diversity, celebrates differences, but can risk feelings of exclusion among majority groups.

Downplays cultural differences, aiming for equality through ignoring them, but can inadvertently perpetuate biases and ignore systemic inequalities.

Generalized beliefs about a group of people, often based on limited or inaccurate information.

Negative attitudes, emotions, and feelings directed towards a group of people.

Unfair treatment or actions directed at a group of people based solely on their membership in that group.

Explains intergroup conflict as arising from competition over limited resources, with economic challenges often intensifying bias and hostility.

Perceiving a false relationship between two distinct events, leading to stronger stereotypes, especially for minority groups engaging in negative behavior.

Explains how hierarchies in societies persist over time and remain stable, maintaining power structures based on arbitrary distinctions like race or gender.

Actions taken by individuals to maintain their group's power and privilege, often driven by fear and prejudice.

Laws, policies, and societal norms that systematically disadvantage certain groups, reinforcing existing inequalities.

Differences in behavior between dominant and subordinate groups, with subordinate groups often deferring to dominant groups, leading to self-fulfilling prophecies.

Ideologies that make inequalities seem acceptable, like the belief in meritocracy or just world hypothesis, justifying existing power structures.

Viewing certain groups as less human, lacking emotions and agency, often used by leaders to justify prejudice and violence.

Stereotypes are structured along two dimensions: warmth (intentions) and competence (ability to act).