Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term describes the phenomenon where a bystander is less likely to help a victim when other people are present?
Which term describes the phenomenon where a bystander is less likely to help a victim when other people are present?
Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated that people are often willing to obey authority figures, even to the point of inflicting harm.
Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated that people are often willing to obey authority figures, even to the point of inflicting harm.
True
What is the primary difference between compliance and acceptance in social psychology?
What is the primary difference between compliance and acceptance in social psychology?
Compliance is conformity to an expectation or request while acceptance involves internalizing the group's beliefs.
The __________ effect is a social psychological phenomenon where individuals in a group do not offer any means of help to a victim because they believe others will.
The __________ effect is a social psychological phenomenon where individuals in a group do not offer any means of help to a victim because they believe others will.
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Match the following theorists to their contributions:
Match the following theorists to their contributions:
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What did Asch's conformity experiment primarily demonstrate?
What did Asch's conformity experiment primarily demonstrate?
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The Oedipus complex is a concept that suggests a child's unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent.
The Oedipus complex is a concept that suggests a child's unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent.
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What term did Carl Jung use to describe the innate personality traits we express outwardly, often referred to as a 'mask'?
What term did Carl Jung use to describe the innate personality traits we express outwardly, often referred to as a 'mask'?
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What concept does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs emphasize as the ultimate goal for personal development?
What concept does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs emphasize as the ultimate goal for personal development?
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Abraham Maslow's theory of Humanism is primarily based on the principles of behavioral conditioning.
Abraham Maslow's theory of Humanism is primarily based on the principles of behavioral conditioning.
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In classical conditioning, what term describes a stimulus that naturally elicits a response?
In classical conditioning, what term describes a stimulus that naturally elicits a response?
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B.F. Skinner is known for his work with the ___________, a device used to test operant conditioning.
B.F. Skinner is known for his work with the ___________, a device used to test operant conditioning.
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Match the following theorists with their contributions to psychology:
Match the following theorists with their contributions to psychology:
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Which of the following best describes the 'Bobo Doll' experiment conducted by Albert Bandura?
Which of the following best describes the 'Bobo Doll' experiment conducted by Albert Bandura?
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The 'Little Albert' experiment conducted by John B. Watson demonstrated that fear can be conditioned.
The 'Little Albert' experiment conducted by John B. Watson demonstrated that fear can be conditioned.
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Describe the four stages of observational learning proposed by Albert Bandura.
Describe the four stages of observational learning proposed by Albert Bandura.
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In operant conditioning, _____________ is a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
In operant conditioning, _____________ is a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
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What is trypanophobia and how could it be conditioned using Watson's ideas?
What is trypanophobia and how could it be conditioned using Watson's ideas?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology
- Social Psychology: Studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. It differs from sociology, which focuses on social structures and groups.
Bystander Effect
- Bystander effect: The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.
- Causes: Diffusion of responsibility (assuming others will help), pluralistic ignorance (misinterpreting the lack of response as a sign that help isn't needed), ambiguity (uncertainty about the situation), and conformity (following the behavior of others).
- John Darley and Bibb Latané's Research: Their studies demonstrated the bystander effect in various scenarios.
Obedience
- Stanley Milgram's Experiment: Participants were instructed to administer increasingly intense electric shocks to another person. The study showed high levels of obedience to authority figures.
- Motivations for Obedience: Authority figures, social pressures, and potentially personal factors.
Conformity
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Conformity: Altering one's behavior or beliefs to match those of a group.
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In-groups and Out-groups: In-groups are those a person identifies with, out-groups are those they see as different.
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Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment: Demonstrated how easily people adopt roles, which can be detrimental. The experiment highlighted the dangers of conformity and the power of social roles.
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Factors Affecting Conformity: Group size, group cohesiveness, and perceived status of the group.
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Asch's Conformity Experiment: Participants were asked to identify which line matched a standard. The study highlighted how social pressure could affect individual judgments. It showed that group pressure, even in unambiguous situations, can affect conformity.
Compliance vs. Acceptance
- Compliance: Going along with a request, even though you may not agree with it.
- Acceptance: Agreeing with a request and adopting the belief or behaviour in accord with it.
Intro to Psychology + Psychodynamic Theory
- Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- Schools of Thought: Various theoretical perspectives, including psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, etc.
- Psychodynamic Theory and Psychoanalysis: A perspective emphasizing unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences.
Personality Theories
- Nature vs. Nurture: The debate on the relative contributions of genetics and environment to personality development.
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Sigmund Freud: Proposed the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms such as repression.
- Tripartite Mind: Id, ego, and superego.
- Psychosexual Stages: Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
- Karen Horney: Criticized aspects of Freud's work, and developed feminist psychology perspectives.
- Carl Jung: Collective unconscious, archetypes, emphasis on the importance of the unconscious mind and self-discovery.
- Erik Erikson: Psychosocial development across the lifespan – addresses stages of conflict.
- Alfred Adler: Personality is formed through striving for superiority and experiences with inferiority.
- Thomas Bouchard: Studies on twins—helped show relative role of nature and nurture in personality development.
- Abraham Maslow: Humanist approach, including the concept of self-actualization.
- Viktor Frankl: Existentialist approach; studied human experiences during tragedy and difficult situations; believed in finding meaning in life.
- Carl Rogers: Humanistic approach, client-centered therapy emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence.
Behaviourism
- Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior produced by experience.
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association (Ivan Pavlov).
- John Watson’s Experiment: Demonstrated how learned fears can be conditioned (Little Albert).
- Operant Conditioning: Learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by consequences (B.F. Skinner).
- Observational Learning: Learning by observing and imitating others (Albert Bandura).
Review Questions
- Social Media & Bystander Effect: Social media can increase or decrease bystander intervention; depends on the context.
- Overcoming Bystander Effect: Identify yourself more visibly and make direct appeals to the bystanders.
- Helping Behavior Differences: Depends on factors such as perceived risk, responsibility, and cost/benefit analysis. (e.g., if one person is in danger but there is a crowd, the perceived cost of helping them might be higher for oneself).
- Milgram's Experiment: Revealed the power of authority and the dangers of obedience..
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in social psychology, focusing on the bystander effect and obedience to authority. Learn about the influences that shape human behavior in social situations, including research by Darley and Latané, and Milgram's experiments. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how social dynamics operate in real-world scenarios.
