Social Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes basic science from applied science?

  • Applied science leads to theoretical advancements.
  • Applied science is conducted for the sake of understanding.
  • Basic science focuses on solving specific problems.
  • Basic science aims to understand phenomena in their own right. (correct)

    • In the study on nonconscious processing, what was the independent variable?

  • The participants' level of persuasion
  • The persuasive message itself
  • The survey results
  • The presence of a shy smell (correct)

    • What was the dependent variable in the nonconscious processing study?

  • Degree of persuasion by the message (correct)
  • Emotional responses of the participants
  • Participants’ rating of the message
  • Participants' perceived smells

    • What type of research design did the researchers use in the study about relationship satisfaction?

    <p>Correlational design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can the researchers conclude that perceiving a partner as attractive causes higher relationship satisfaction from this study?

    <p>No, correlation does not imply causation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a scatterplot shows a positive relationship between self-esteem and academic success, what can be inferred?

    <p>Higher self-esteem is associated with higher academic success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely be a limitation of using surveys to assess relationship satisfaction?

    <p>Surveys may not capture non-verbal cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research design, what could be an alternate explanation for findings of the relationship between attractiveness and satisfaction?

    <p>Other factors like compatibility also affect relationship satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the constructivist approach to emotion emphasize?

    <p>Emotions are shaped by cultural words and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do daily experiences in contingent domains affect a person's state self-esteem compared to noncontingent domains?

    <p>Contingent experiences can lower state self-esteem significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do emotions contribute to social relationships, according to social functional theory?

    <p>They enable people to express commitment and well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might daily experiences in contingent domains translate to trait self-esteem over time?

    <p>They can contribute to a decrease in trait self-esteem if negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the chemical oxytocin play in social relationships?

    <p>It helps build commitment and trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attachment style is represented by someone who is close with family but distant with friends?

    <p>Avoidant attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept explains why someone might stay in a long-term abusive relationship?

    <p>Investment model of commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emotions is NOT mentioned as universally expressed in similar ways across cultures?

    <p>Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, how do self-reported self-esteem differences between Eastern and Western cultures tend to be interpreted?

    <p>Cultural values influence the perception of self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might an abusive partner manipulate commitment factors in a relationship?

    <p>By increasing dependency and minimizing alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are individuals more likely to display the better-than-average effect regarding their intelligence?

    <p>Before learning about intelligence measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the broaden-and-build hypothesis suggest about positive emotions?

    <p>They widen thoughts and enhance social connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines happiness according to the information provided?

    <p>A mix of life satisfaction and positive emotional experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of modern racism?

    <p>Consciously advocating for equal rights while holding unconscious biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person believes they are scatterbrained, what is their likely cognitive reaction to a friend's compliment about being organized?

    <p>They will evaluate the compliment critically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does experiencing agitation versus dejection in response to potential self-happiness suggest about psychological theories?

    <p>It shows the impact of actual versus ideal self in emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of benevolent racism or sexism on marginalized groups?

    <p>It supports traditional roles and subservience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional regulation strategy is mentioned as culturally variable?

    <p>Emotion suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of fear on social context perception?

    <p>It helps people recognize threats in their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might Robert consider to attract Marilyn based on proximity and similarity principles?

    <p>Approach her in places they frequently visit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the fundamental attribution error affect people's understanding of behavior?

    <p>It skews perceptions by overly attributing actions to personal traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the halo effect as it relates to physical attractiveness?

    <p>Evaluating someone's overall qualities based solely on their looks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do counterfactual thoughts, such as 'if only,' have in the process of making attributions?

    <p>They amplify feelings of joy or regret.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to men’s responses to Alice’s profiles based on attractiveness?

    <p>They are more likely to engage with the profile featuring her attractive photo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the central route and the peripheral route to persuasion?

    <p>Central route involves deep processing of information, whereas peripheral relies on superficial cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of a persuasive appeal?

    <p>Chronos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hostile media phenomenon?

    <p>The perception that media coverage is biased against one's own beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can resistance to persuasion manifest in a disagreement regarding capital punishment?

    <p>By ignoring arguments that conflict with one’s existing beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the level of conformity pressure in a group?

    <p>The number of people in the group and their dissenting opinions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of compliance in social influence?

    <p>Agreeing with others regardless of personal beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of influence involves changing attitudes or behaviors to align with group norms?

    <p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason for people to conform due to informational social influence?

    <p>To seem knowledgeable and well-informed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social psychology primarily study?

    <p>The feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>Overemphasizing personal dispositions while minimizing situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a schema in social psychology?

    <p>An organized body of stored information used to understand events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stereotypes function as schemas?

    <p>They help individuals navigate social situations predictably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes automatic processing in social psychology?

    <p>It occurs nonconsciously and influences perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does natural selection play in human behavior according to evolutionary psychology?

    <p>It influences behaviors that are universal and essential for social life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals often misunderstand about their own behavior?

    <p>They see their behavior as solely influenced by personal choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the complexity of cognitive processing in understanding situations?

    <p>Cognitive processes can remain unseen and influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Psychology Summary

    • Social psychology is the scientific study of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations.
    • Social psychology emphasizes the influence of situations on behavior, sometimes overlooked in favor of personality traits.
    • The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational influences.
    • Construals, or subjective interpretations, play a key role in shaping social perceptions and behaviors.
    • Schemas are cognitive frameworks used to organize and interpret social information.
    • Stereotypes are schemas about groups of people.
    • Automatic and controlled processes influence social judgments and behaviors.
    • Automatic processes are nonconscious.
    • Controlled processing are intentional, conscious thoughts and judgments.
    • Evolutionary psychology provides insights into universal social behaviors.
    • Humans are pre-wired with social behaviors (and cognitive traits) from evolution.
    • Culture influences behavior and interpretations.
    • Individualistic cultures prioritize independence.
    • Collectivistic cultures prioritize interdependence.
    • Social psychology research often combines participant observation with formal quantitative methods.
    • Archival analysis utilizes existing records like census data, police reports, or historical documents.
    • Surveys collect information from large samples of people, using random sampling for broader generalizations.
    • Correlation studies examine relationships between variables, correlational studies can't determine causation.
    • Experimental studies are used to manipulate variables to determine causality, random assignment is crucial.
    • External validity refers to how well an experiment simulates real-life situations.
    • Internal validity refers to whether the experiment measures what it intends to measure.
    • Researchers balance both internal and external validity in their studies through methods like field experiments.
    • Sound experiments require reliability and measurement validity.
    • Ethical concerns play a crucial role regarding ethical treatment and informed consent of participants in research studies.
    • Institutional review boards assess the ethics of research.
    • Informed consent is obtained when participants are adequately informed of the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks before participating.
    • Self-perception theory argues attitudes are formed through observing behaviors.
    • Cognitive dissonance theory explains the inconsistency between attitudes and behavior.
    • Dissonance motivates individuals to change their attitudes to match their behaviors.
    • Attitude change results when people need to justify their prior actions, especially if these are inconsistent with their beliefs.
    • Attitudinal change, including implicit change via automatic processes also influences behavior.
    • The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion clarifies how people process information, arguing people either engage in the peripheral route (superficial) or central route (in-depth analysis).
    • The central route occurs when motivated and able to engage in deep processing.
    • The peripheral route occurs when less motivated or unable to process deeply.
    • The media plays a powerful role in shaping attitudes and behaviors.

    Social Influence Summary

    • Social influence refers to the ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others.
    • Conformity involves behaving in ways that are consistent with other people or societal norms.
    • Informational social influence occurs when people rely on others for information and guidance on how to act.
    • Normative social influence occurs when people conform to be accepted or avoid disapproval.
    • Mimicry is a common unconscious form of conformity that helps us fit into social situations.
    • Compliance involves responding favorably to a request.
    • Reciprocity norm (or reciprocity principle) suggests that if someone does a favor for you, you're obligated to respond in kind, often resulting in greater compliance.
    • The foot-in-the-door technique involves starting with a small request and gradually escalating to a larger one.
    • The door-in-the-face technique involves starting with a large request, then making a concession to secure a smaller, acceptable request.
    • Obedience involves following an order or instruction from a person in authority.
    • Deindividuation is a psychological state where individuals feel anonymous and lose their sense of personal responsibility within a group, leading to atypical behaviors.
    • Group decision making can be influenced by pressures towards consensus (groupthink), group polarization (enchanced opinions), and individual biases.
    • Power dynamics in groups are inevitable.

    Morality and Altruism Summary

    • Morality is often driven by intuitive feelings and rationalizations.
    • Moral judgment is influenced by situational factors and differing cultural viewpoints.
    • Altruistic behavior involves concern/care for others, often stemming from emotional motivations like empathy.
    • Bystander effect refers to the decreased likelihood of help in a group setting, attributable to the diffusion of responsibility to others.

    Relationships Summary

    • Relationships are an important part of human existence, driven by evolutionary pressures to belong and for survival and reproduction.
    • Proximity and similarity often lead to attraction.
    • Physical attractiveness has a strong impact on forming relationships, particularly for women.
    • Evolutionary psychology suggests mating preferences are driven by reproductive fitness.
    • Relationships frequently involve exchange and communal dimensions—exchange relationships are primarily focused on equity and reciprocity, while communal relationships are based on mutual care and support.
    • Attachment theory describes how early childhood relationships influence later relationship styles.
    • Attachment styles involve anxiety and avoidance concerning intimacy.
    • Romantic relationships are characterized by different types of love (e.g., romantic, companionate).

    Intergroup Relations Summary

    • Stereotypes are cognitive shortcuts—generalizations about groups
    • Group membership influences social perceptions and judgments
    • Stereotypes lead to unconscious bias.
    • Prejudice involves negative attitudes and feelings toward a group of people.
    • Discrimination is biased behaviors and actions, based on a group membership.
    • Economic perspectives, motivations and cognitive perspectives play vital roles in group biases.
    • Realistic group conflict implies competition for resources and group conflict.
    • Minimal group paradigm demonstrates that favoritism toward one's ingroup is common.
    • Social identity theory elucidates the importance of group membership for the development of self-esteem.
    • Stereotypes can be maintained through biases—cognitive distortion, biases and information processing.

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    Social Psychology 6th Edition PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts and theories of social psychology in this summary. Understand how situational influences shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and learn about the roles of schemas, stereotypes, and cognitive processes. Delve into how evolutionary psychology impacts social behavior.

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