Social Psychology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between trust and job performance according to the findings?

Trust is positively associated with job performance. (correct)

Trust is negatively associated with job performance.

Trust has no impact on job performance.

Trust decreases job performance under certain conditions.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences attitudes as mentioned in the content?

Ego defence

Cognitive dissonance (correct)

Behavioural intention

Valence

In the context of disasters, what effect does such an event have on social behaviour?

It has no effect on prosocial behaviour.

It increases prosocial behaviour. (correct)

It diminishes prosocial behaviour.

It only affects altruistic individuals.

How is ambivalence defined in the context of attitudes?

The state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas on something. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'value-expression' refer to?

Expressing who or what connects to one's identity. Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings, lost wallets are more likely to be returned when they:

Contain money. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of perceived behavioural control?

The subjective ease or difficulty of performing a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of personality traits as stated in the material?

They drive consistent behavior across multiple situations. Signup and view all the answers

How do Easterners typically respond to negative feedback compared to success?

They acknowledge negative feedback and reflect on failures more. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in how self-enhancement is expressed across cultures?

Self-enhancement is more pronounced in Eastern cultures when privately expressed. Signup and view all the answers

According to the lexical approach, what is believed about personality traits?

Only a few core traits represent significant personality differences. Signup and view all the answers

What major personality framework is comprised of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism?

Five Factor Model Signup and view all the answers

What does stereotype threat refer to?

A predicament where individuals feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their group. Signup and view all the answers

What important observation was made by Rosenthal and Jacobson regarding teacher expectations?

Enhanced teacher expectations improved student performance significantly. Signup and view all the answers

How do cognitive resources affect stereotype suppression?

More cognitive resources make it easier to suppress stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about perceptions of national character according to Terracciano's findings?

They may be generalizations based on personal experiences rather than factual data. Signup and view all the answers

What does Kelley’s Covariation Theory suggest about event attribution?

Events are attributed to both internal and external conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the fundamental attribution error?

Over-attributing behaviors to personality traits with limited information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Actor-Observer Bias characterized by?

Actors attribute their behavior to external situations while observers attribute it to internal traits. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a pessimistic attributional style have on individuals with depression?

They consistently attribute negative events internally. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of persuasion, what distinguishes the central route from the peripheral route?

Central route requires careful attention to message quality, while peripheral route focuses on superficial characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of compliance involves repaying others for what has been received?

Norm of reciprocity Signup and view all the answers

How does the Door-in-the-Face technique work in compliance?

It begins with an unreasonably large request that is lowered to a more reasonable one. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Contrast Effect in the context of compliance?

A smaller request appears more acceptable following a larger one. Signup and view all the answers

What does Self-Perception Theory suggest about an individual's understanding of themselves?

It relies on scrutinizing one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

According to Self-Discrepancy Theory, what primarily influences individuals' feelings of discomfort or dissatisfaction?

The gap between their actual self and their perceived selves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction highlighted in Regulatory Focus Theory?

The classification of self-regulatory systems into promotion and prevention focuses. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individuals derive part of their self-concept through group membership?

Social Identity Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents Social Comparison Theory?

It argues that individuals learn and define themselves through comparisons with others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of social facilitation on complex tasks in the presence of others?

Impaired performance due to increased arousal Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social loafing, which factor is likely to encourage an individual to exert more effort?

Feeling that their contribution is identifiable Signup and view all the answers

How did Solomon Asch's visual discrimination task illustrate the concept of social conformity?

Participants conformed even in unambiguous tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as 'idiosyncrasy credits' in a social context?

A person's allowance to deviate from group norms based on past conformity Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert Zajonc suggest about the relationship between presence of others and performance on tasks?

Only simple tasks benefit from the presence of others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes normative influence in the context of conformity?

Adhering to group standards to gain approval Signup and view all the answers

What was observed regarding group size and conformity in Asch's studies?

Conformity peaked with a group size of about 15 members Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when a group's desire for consensus leads to poor decision-making?

Groupthink Signup and view all the answers

What are the four optimal conditions identified for reducing prejudices according to Pettigrew & Tropp?

Equality of status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, support of authorities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Looking Glass Self' concept?

How we think we appear to others and its impact on our self-concept Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Collective action' refer to in the context of intergroup relations?

Coordinated actions of a group to reshape intergroup dynamics Signup and view all the answers

Which concept does NOT directly relate to self-concept as defined in the provided content?

Self-awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which event is associated with a reduction in implicit prejudice among White Americans towards Black individuals?

The Obama election in 2008 Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Generalised Other' concept explain in social interactions?

How individuals anticipate the views and expectations of society at large Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of collective apology/restitution?

A government acknowledging past injustices and offering reparations Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a self-schematic trait?

A specific trait that holds significant importance to an individual Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Allport's Social Psychology (1924): Emphasized individual behavior and attitude measurement, contrasted to earlier sociological approaches.
Behaviorism (Skinner): Behavior is learned through conditioning (reinforcement and punishment), influencing behaviors and attitudes.
Attribution Theory (Hume, Lewin): Explains how people perceive the causes of events and behavior, internal vs. external.
Kurt Lewin (B=f(P,E)): Behavior is a function of the person and their environment.
Gestalt Psychology: Focuses on understanding behavior and thoughts as wholes, not just parts.
Milgram's Obedience Studies: Examined obedience to authority figures.
Asch's Conformity Studies: Highlighed the impact of group pressure on individual opinion.
Intergroup Contact: Reduces prejudice through interactions.
Attitude: Evaluation of people, things, or ideas (valence, moral conviction).
Factors influencing attitudes: Subjective norms, behavioral intentions, perceived behavioral control, and self-perception.
Moral intuition (Haidt, 2001): Sometimes we cannot justify our attitudes rationally.
Attitude-behavior link: Attitudes can predict behavior under certain conditions. Compatibility of attitude and behavior measures. Strength of attitude. Situation influence.

Cultural Psychology

Culture: Shared beliefs, values, and behaviors of a social group.
Individualistic vs. Collectivist Cultures: Individualistic cultures emphasize independence and autonomy, while collectivist cultures prioritize interdependence and group harmony.
Analytic vs. Holistic Perception (Nisbett, Miyamoto): Westerners focus on individual objects, while Easterners focus on relationships.
Causal Attributions (Nisbett, Masuda): Cultural differences in explaining events (internal vs. external causes).
Bicultural Individuals (Hong): People raised in two cultures can switch between them.
Self-Enhancement and Self-Improvement: Different cultural priorities in self-evaluation.

Attitudes and Behavior

Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure to something often increases liking.
Effort Justification (Aronson, Mills): If you put more effort into something, you often like it more, even if it wasn't enjoyable.
Insufficient Justification (Festinger, Carlsmith): When rewards are insufficient to justify an action, people change their attitudes to match that action.
Measuring Attitudes: Explicit measures (e.g., self-report) and implicit measures (e.g., IAT) to capture subtle attitudes.
Attitude change: Central vs. Peripheral routes to persuasion.

Group Dynamics

Social Facilitation: Enhanced performance on simple tasks in the presence of others. Deteriorated on complex tasks.
Social Loafing: Reduction in individual effort in group settings.
Social Conformity (Asch): Individuals alter their behavior or beliefs to match a group's norms.
Groupthink (Janis): Faulty decision-making in highly cohesive groups due to the pressure to conform.
Minority Influence (Moscovici): A minority can influence a majority.
Realistic Conflict Theory (Sherif): Competition for scarce resources leads to intergroup conflict.
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, Turner): Groups are part of self-concept and contribute to how we evaluate ourselves and others. Competition for group status.
Minimal Group Paradigm: Investigating whether group categorization alone can lead to intergroup bias.

Other important concepts

Attributional biases (Actor-observer, fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias) Influence on how we explain our own and others' actions.
Stereotypes: Simplified beliefs about groups and their members. Implicit and explicit biases.
Prejudice: Negative feelings toward groups or their members.
Discrimination: Negative behaviors directed toward groups or their members.
Intergroup Contact Theory (Allport): Increasing contact between groups to reduce prejudice.
Collective action/apology: Groups working together towards change and acknowledging past injustices.
Social exchange theory How we feel about relationships. Rewards and costs.

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Description

Explore key concepts in Social Psychology including Allport's contributions, Behaviorism, Attribution Theory, and modern studies like Milgram's obedience experiments. This quiz will deepen your understanding of how individual behavior and attitudes are shaped by social environments and influences. Test your knowledge of seminal theories and research findings in this fascinating field.