Social Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is emphasized by the contribution regarding the ethnocentric nature of psychology?

  • The existence of diverse educational paths in psychology.
  • The founders shared similar backgrounds, affecting their perspectives. (correct)
  • Psychology developed independently across different cultures.
  • Training in science led to a more objective understanding of behavior.

Which of the following best describes the social adaptation of behavior discussed?

  • A universal task influenced solely by cultural norms.
  • Identity development influenced by social media. (correct)
  • A rigid process limited to specific cultural contexts.
  • An innate response to environmental stimuli.

What is a complication identified in cultural psychological research?

  • The relative nature of cultural differences complicates assessments. (correct)
  • Cultural influences on behavior are universally accepted.
  • Identifying absolute cultural differences is straightforward.
  • Behavioral science overlooks cultural elements completely.

What role does Western schooling play in the study of the command of conversation task?

<p>It ultimately determines proficiency in conversation tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Judaeo-Christian tradition reinforce in psychological perspectives?

<p>Conflict between individual needs and environmental expectations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions describes how clothing can reflect one's attitude?

<p>Value-expressive function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary models mentioned that describe the relationship between attitude and behavior?

<p>Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behaviour (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial in determining attitude strength according to the content provided?

<p>Centrality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant methodological issue in measuring explicit attitudes?

<p>Sensitivity to social desirability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'correspondence principle' imply regarding attitudes and behaviors?

<p>There must be a direct correlation between attitudes and specific behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Fazio et al. (1995), what factor significantly influenced the racism scale scores?

<p>The ethnicity of the experimenter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects does not directly contribute to attitude accessibility?

<p>Cognitive dissonance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general result of LaPiere's 1934 study regarding attitudes towards Chinese guests?

<p>There was a significant difference between stated attitudes and actual behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with cultures of honour?

<p>A strong focus on individualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes argument-related homicide from felony-related murder?

<p>Argument-related homicide is due to emotional factors like wounded pride, whereas felony-related murder is a criminal act. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor greatly increases the likelihood of deadly violence from a father towards stepchildren, according to the content?

<p>The genetic relationship between the father and the child (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary perspectives, which principle explains why altruism might be favored?

<p>Kin selection and reciprocal altruism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a motive for altruism according to psychologists?

<p>Social rewards and personal distress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential impact of argument-related homicide in cultures of honour?

<p>It reflects a failure to manage conflicts without violence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for pure altruism, according to Batson?

<p>No personal benefits attached and no reciprocity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological reaction is noted among Southerners when faced with insults, relating to cultures of honour?

<p>Increased cortisol levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes implicit attitudes from explicit attitudes?

<p>Implicit attitudes consist of automatic associations influencing uncontrolled behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT associated with dissonance arousal according to the cognitive dissonance theory?

<p>Individual commitment to the task is low. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of effort justification within cognitive dissonance theory?

<p>Paying $90 for a concert ticket and feeling positive afterward. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is commonly associated with post-decisional dissonance?

<p>Rationalizing a decision by highlighting the benefits of the chosen option. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory provides an alternative viewpoint to cognitive dissonance regarding attitude change?

<p>Self-perception theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does attitude strength play in the prediction of behavior, according to the interim conclusions?

<p>The influence of attitude strength varies with behavior type and context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about explicit attitudes is accurate?

<p>They are particularly unreliable with sensitive issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an underlying principle of self-affirmation theory in the context of cognitive dissonance?

<p>Threats to self can be mitigated through changes in behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of collectivistic cultures on interpersonal touching compared to individualistic cultures?

<p>Members of collectivistic cultures touch less often. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural dimension is not associated with the Middle East, according to the characteristics listed?

<p>Individualistic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of companies emphasizing the necessity of holding the handrail when using stairs?

<p>To instill a safer attitude towards safety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of safety within organizations, what are the two aspects distinguished by safety and security?

<p>Unintentional acts vs. intentional acts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors has no significant role in influencing behavior in safety incidents?

<p>Seasonal weather changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of globalization on cultural differences?

<p>Eradication of clear cultural differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors does not contribute to safe behavior in organizations?

<p>Task complexity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of safety, which option encapsulates the most critical aspects of organization behavior?

<p>Environmental factors outweighing individual behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of cooperation as discussed in social relationships?

<p>It requires individuals to be forgiving. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly enhances an individual's chances of being alive nine years later?

<p>Strong social integration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does physical attractiveness have according to research findings?

<p>Attractive individuals are perceived as smarter by authority figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of attractiveness best described in studies?

<p>Primarily subjective, varying across different cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the 'beauty premium' concept?

<p>Attractive people tend to earn more due to their appearance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding from Elaine Hatfield's research on attractiveness?

<p>Physical attractiveness was a primary reason for follow-up dates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a criterion commonly considered when forming relationships?

<p>Professional accomplishments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to studies, how do attractive individuals generally fare in charitable activities?

<p>They tend to raise more funds for charitable causes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Implicit Attitudes

Automatic associations that influence our spontaneous reactions and behaviors without conscious deliberation.

Explicit Attitudes

Consciously held beliefs and values that we are aware of and can readily express.

Cognitive Dissonance

The psychological discomfort experienced when our beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors are inconsistent with one another.

Induced Compliance

A situation where individuals are induced to behave in a way that clashes with their existing beliefs or attitudes, leading to dissonance.

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Effort Justification

The tendency to justify the effort or resources invested in something, even if it is not inherently worthwhile.

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Post-Decisional Dissonance

The process of reducing dissonance by rationalizing or justifying a previous choice, often by enhancing the value of the chosen option and devaluing the rejected alternative.

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Self-Perception Theory

A theory proposing that people infer their attitudes by observing their own behaviors and the circumstances in which they occur.

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Self-Affirmation Theory

A theory suggesting that people strive to maintain a positive self-image and that dissonance challenges this image, leading to attempts to restore self-esteem.

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Food Preferences & Taboos Across Cultures

The idea that people in different cultures have different perspectives on what is considered good to eat, influenced by their cultural norms, traditions, and availability of food.

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Cultural Psychology

The scientific study of how culture shapes our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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Ethnocentricity in Psychology

The tendency of psychology studies to be focused on Western culture, potentially neglecting other cultural perspectives and experiences.

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Culture and Identity Development

The idea that culture shapes our sense of identity, and this process can lead to internal conflicts and uncertainties during adolescence.

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Pinpointing Cultural Influence

The challenge of isolating the influence of culture on behavior, as multiple factors, including individual differences, can interact.

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Cooperative Behavior

A way of interacting where individuals work together to achieve a common goal, ensuring that everyone benefits from the collaboration, while preventing exploitation.

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Forgiveness in Relationships

The tendency to overlook or forgive the mistakes of others, promoting reconciliation and strengthening relationships.

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Transparency and Predictability

Openness and predictability in interactions, allowing individuals to understand each other's intentions and build trust.

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Social Integration

The degree to which individuals feel connected to others and have meaningful relationships.

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Relationship Quality

The subjective evaluation of the positive and negative aspects of a relationship, influencing its satisfaction and stability.

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The Beauty Premium

The advantage that physically attractive individuals often enjoy in various aspects of life, including social interactions, professional opportunities, and legal outcomes.

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Attractiveness Bias

A phenomenon where individuals are more likely to be considered intelligent or competent due to their physical attractiveness.

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Utilitarian function

The function of an object or concept that emphasizes its practical usefulness.

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Value-expressive function

The function of an object or concept that allows individuals to communicate their beliefs, values, and personality.

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Attitude-behavior consistency

The degree to which attitudes predict behavior.

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Theory of Planned Behavior

A theoretical framework that explains how behavior is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

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Attitude Strength

How strongly an individual holds an attitude.

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Attitude Accessibility

The ease with which an attitude comes to mind.

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Introspection

The process of examining one's own thoughts and feelings.

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Inconsistency between attitude and behavior

A phenomenon where attitudes and behavior are inconsistent, leading to dissonance and a desire to reduce the inconsistency.

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Confounding Variables in Culture

Cultural differences can be influenced by other factors besides collectivism and individualism, creating an overlap.

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Cultural Globalization

Globalization can blur the lines between cultures, leading to hybrid forms and increased complexity.

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Cultural Differences in Western vs. Middle East

Western cultures tend to focus on individual achievement and self-reliance, while Middle Eastern cultures prioritize family and societal harmony.

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Safety in Organizations

Safety is a complex concept that includes physical, digital, and social aspects.

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The Handrail Effect

Holding handrails on stairs not only prevents falls, but also creates a safer mindset by reinforcing the importance of safety.

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Organization as an Environment for Safety

The organization and its environment, including colleagues, managers, culture, and technology, play a crucial role in influencing safe behavior.

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Cultures of Honor

A cultural framework where individuals place high value on social status, reputation, and defending their honor. They show sensitivity to insults, and prioritize restoring honor when it is perceived to be threatened.

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Honor Crimes

Crimes committed in the context of a culture of honor, motivated by the need to restore honor after a perceived insult or attack. Typically involve violence or aggression.

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The Role of Behavior in Safety Incidents

The explosion incident showcases how human behavior can be a factor in safety incidents, highlighting the importance of learning from previous mistakes.

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Social-Psychological Factors & Safety

The impact of social-psychological factors on safety behavior is illustrated by the example of the warning light in a chemical plant control room.

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Argument-Related Murder

A type of aggression motivated by perceived threats to one's honor or status, stemming from a need to defend oneself from potential humiliation, shame, or loss of face.

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Felony-Related Murder

A type of aggression connected to criminal acts or violations of the law, where the motivation stems from protecting oneself or one's interests in a criminal context.

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Evolutionary Explanations of Aggression

The concept that behavior can be explained by the evolutionary benefits it provides for an organism, such as increased survival and reproduction.

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Violence Against Stepchildren

A phenomenon where a father is more likely to commit serious violence against his stepchildren than his biological children. This is often cited as a possible example of evolutionary psychology in action.

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Altruism

An act that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself. It poses a challenge to evolutionary theory because it seems to contradict the principle of self-interest.

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Kin Selection

An explanation for altruism that suggests individuals may be more likely to help those closely related to them.

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Study Notes

Human Behaviour

  • Social Psychology is the science of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in social situations.
  • Everyday life psychology employs the experimental method.
  • Factors affecting behavior often include culture, with norms acting as proximal factors.
  • Two main hypotheses: the power of the situation and the power of the unconscious.
  • People tend to underestimate situational influence on behavior, as evidenced by the bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility.
  • Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors and underemphasize situational factors in explaining behavior.
  • Dual-process models show automatic (system 1) and controlled (system 2) processes.
  • System 1 functions unconsciously, quickly, associatively, unintentionally, and effortlessly.
  • System 2 functions consciously, slowly, intentionally, effortful, and requiring energy.
  • The power of the unconscious demonstrates that behavior, competence ratings, and decision-making are often determined by System 1 processes without conscious knowledge.
  • Post-hoc reasoning is the tendency to think we know why we made a decision after the fact.

Social Influence

  • An attitude consists of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
  • Attitudes are psychological tendencies expressed by evaluating an entity favorably or unfavorably.
  • Attitudes are formed through ABC (affective, behavioral, cognitive) components.
  • Attitudes have utilitarian, value-expressive, and social-adaptive functions.
  • Methodological issues arise when measuring explicit attitudes, especially how they are sensitive to social desirability. Theoretical issues include that behavior is not solely determined by attitudes and the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior.
  • Attitudes are often influenced by perceived control and attitudes affect behavior through intentions.
  • Implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes are not always consistent.
  • Attitudes are influenced by factors such as 'channel factors'.
  • Important factors affecting conformity include anonymity, status and expertise, group size, and culture.

Self and Others

  • The social self is reflected in personal interactions.
  • Interactions with others shape the self-perception.
  • People misunderstand their own perceptions.
  • Introspection illusion is the idea that we are aware of our internal states when in fact they are not.
  • A distinction exists between personal and social aspects of the self.
  • Culture influences interpersonal distance (interaction space).
  • The self is fundamentally social, in that personal space/distance is often culturally dependent.
  • There are two types of consciousness: subjective and objective.
  • Objective self-awareness involves a self-reflection.
  • Self-esteem depends on success, social affirmation, and social comparison.
  • Bias blind spot is the human tendency to recognize bias in others but not in oneself.
  • Self-discrepancy theory (SDT) is related to discrepancy between ideal/actual self and ought/actual self.
  • Promotion focus aims to enhance positive outcomes.
  • Prevention focus avoids negative ones.
  • Self-presentation is the act of presenting the self to others.

Emotions

  • Emotions are complex and multifaceted.
  • Emotions have both universal and culturally specific components.
  • Cultural display norms regulate expression.
  • Affect valuation theory explains interpretation.
  • Emotions influence behavior in different cultural contexts.
  • Basic emotions such as happiness, fear, anger, and sadness are universal.

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Human Behaviour PDF 2024-2025

Description

Explore the core concepts of social psychology, from the impact of situational factors on behaviors to the dual-process models of thought. This quiz highlights critical theories like the bystander effect and the fundamental attribution error. Dive into the complexities of human behavior and the unconscious influences that shape our interactions.

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