Social Psychology Module 13
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Questions and Answers

What describes the Central Route to Persuasion?

  • It relies on emotional appeals.
  • It focuses on the quality of arguments presented. (correct)
  • It involves superficial processing of information.
  • It is effective only in a low-involvement situation.

Which of the following techniques is commonly used in persuasion to evoke fear?

  • Providing detailed statistical evidence.
  • Presenting a charismatic speaker.
  • Offering multiple choices to the audience.
  • Using fear appeals without a solution. (correct)

Which option represents a characteristic of minority influence in social change?

  • Majorities often yield to minority pressures.
  • Minorities can foster doubt by presenting consistent arguments. (correct)
  • Minority influence is typically stronger in larger groups.
  • Minority opinions are always immediately accepted.

What effect do social norms typically have on individual behavior?

<p>They modify behavior by providing a framework of expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Peripheral Route to Persuasion is more likely to be used when:

<p>The audience has low involvement and motivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect influences conformity according to Asch's experiment?

<p>The size of the group and its unanimity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically leads to group polarization?

<p>Shared attitudes and discussions among like-minded individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about collectivism is accurate?

<p>Collectivism can vary widely even within a single culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior did the guards exhibit during the Stanford Prison Experiment?

<p>They physically and emotionally bullied the prisoners. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Stanley Milgram's experiment?

<p>Participants delivered shocks up to the maximum voltage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

<p>The tendency for groups to adopt more extreme positions after discussion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most associated with groupthink?

<p>Suppression of dissenting opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome can result from unfavorable group interactions?

<p>Stifled dissent or rushed judgments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can social norms affect group decision-making?

<p>They can create pressure to conform. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential drawbacks of group decision-making?

<p>Groupthink can stifle critical evaluation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor associated with group polarization?

<p>Exposure to opposing viewpoints. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might minority influence contribute to social change?

<p>By fostering critical debate and discussion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant outcome of the Milgram experiment?

<p>Obedience can lead to harm despite personal conscience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the tendency for the first information learned about someone to have a greater influence than subsequent information?

<p>Primacy effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms defines a belief or expectation about a group of people?

<p>Stereotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the implicit association test (IAT) measure subtle prejudices?

<p>By measuring time taken to categorize words and images (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method can help overcome initial prejudices among individuals?

<p>Collaborative work for a common goal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the expectations that can increase the likelihood of a predicted event occurring?

<p>Self-fulfilling prophecies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of moral reasoning did Kohlberg prioritize in his evaluation?

<p>Reasons given for decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes altruistic behavior?

<p>Helping others without a personal benefit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which factor is most likely to correlate with aggressive behavior?

<p>Frustration and provocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prisoner’s dilemma illustrate in terms of cooperation?

<p>Self-interest can outweigh mutual benefit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of Kohlberg's moral reasoning approach?

<p>It ignores the role of emotion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do people generally make moral decisions, according to the content?

<p>Intuitively and emotionally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason people engage in altruistic behavior?

<p>Fear of social punishment from non-cooperation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is characterized by individuals who are less likely to help when others are present?

<p>Bystander apathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might people find it difficult to cooperate in social situations?

<p>A belief that others are also untrustworthy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can enhance the likelihood of cooperation among individuals?

<p>Assurance of punishment for non-cooperation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bystander effect?

<p>The tendency to feel less responsible to act when others are present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes social loafing?

<p>Working less hard when sharing work with others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis suggest?

<p>Frustration increases the likelihood of aggression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with a tendency toward violent behavior?

<p>Growing up in a non-violent neighborhood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cognitive dissonance play in justifying cruel behavior?

<p>It lowers the perceived value of the victims. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pluralistic ignorance?

<p>A situation where individuals assume others are more informed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is commonly associated with individuals prone to aggression?

<p>Lack of guilt after harming someone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best defines diffusion of responsibility?

<p>Reduced sense of personal responsibility in a group setting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do factors like nutrition and lead exposure influence violent behavior?

<p>They can contribute to tendencies for violent behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between aggressiveness and mental health concerns?

<p>Only substance-abusing individuals with mental illness are prone to violence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Passionate Love

A stage in a relationship where sexual desire, romance, and friendship increase together.

Companionate Love

A stage in a relationship characterized by sharing, care, and protection.

Conformity

Altering one's behavior to match the behavior or expectations of others.

Asch's Conformity Experiment

A classic experiment demonstrating how people conform to a majority view, even when the majority is obviously wrong.

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Cultural Differences in Conformity

Some cultures tend to be more collectivistic or conforming than others, but it's inaccurate to generalize about specific cultures.

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Best predictor of long-term satisfaction

Genuine affection between newlyweds is the best indication of future relationship satisfaction.

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Group Polarization

The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than the initial views of individual members.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where the desire for harmony or conformity in a group overrides critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

A study where college students were randomly assigned roles as guards and prisoners, showing how easily people can conform to authority figures.

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Milgram Experiment

An experiment testing obedience to authority; participants were asked to deliver shocks to another person, demonstrating high obedience levels.

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Conformity to Authority

Tendency to follow orders from authority figures, regardless of personal conscience or consequences.

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Group Decisions

Decisions made by a group of people.

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Individual Decision

A decision made by a single person.

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Variables Affecting Results

Factors which influence the outcomes of experiments (e.g., personality, environment).

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Experiment

A controlled test to see how different things affect outcomes.

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Obedience

Following instructions and orders from a figure of authority.

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Moral Reasoning

Evaluating moral decisions based on the reasons behind them, not just the decision itself.

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Kohlberg's Approach

A theory that assesses moral reasoning by examining the logic behind decisions.

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Prisoner's Dilemma

A game where two parties have an incentive to defect (confess), but both are worse off than if they had cooperated (not confessed).

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Altruistic Behavior

Helping others without expecting a reward or personal benefit.

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Bystander Apathy

Reduced likelihood of helping someone when other people are present.

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Social Loafing

Reduced effort when working as part of a group.

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Aggressive Behavior

Behaviors intended to harm or injure others.

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Cooperation

Working together towards common goals.

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Trust Game

An economic game that tests trust between players.

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Win-Lose/Win-Win/Lose-Lose Scenarios

Different outcomes relating to cooperation. Win-Win means both parties benefit; Win-Lose means only one party benefits, and one loses. Lose-Lose means both parties lose.

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Primacy Effect

The tendency for the first information you learn about someone to have a stronger impact on your impression than later information.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When your expectations about someone or a situation increase the likelihood of that expectation actually happening.

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Stereotype

A generalized belief, often negative, about a group of people. It's a simplified image, not always based on accurate information.

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Prejudice

An unfavorable attitude towards a group of people, based on stereotypes. It involves negative feelings, beliefs, and possibly actions.

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Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A test that measures your unconscious associations between concepts. It reveals subtle prejudices even if consciously denied.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

The tendency to feel less personal responsibility to act when others are also capable of helping.

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Pluralistic Ignorance

A situation where individuals remain silent, each assuming others have more information or hold different opinions, leading to a false consensus.

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Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

The theory that frustration, an obstacle blocking goal achievement, is a primary cause of anger and aggression, especially when perceived as intentional.

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Factors associated with Violent Behavior

Various factors including childhood experiences, biological predispositions, and environmental influences can increase the likelihood of violent tendencies.

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Cognitive Justification of Violence

A mental process where individuals may minimize the harm they inflict on others to justify their actions, often by devaluing the victim.

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How does the bystander effect relate to diffusion of responsibility?

The bystander effect is a consequence of diffusion of responsibility. When multiple people are present, each individual feels less personally responsible to act, leading to inaction by the entire group.

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What is an example of pluralistic ignorance?

Imagine you are in a lecture and someone says something offensive. If everyone else is silent, you might assume they agree. This is pluralistic ignorance, where everyone assumes everyone else approves.

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How does social loafing impact group performance?

Social loafing can negatively impact group performance. If members are not motivated to work hard, the group's overall output will likely suffer.

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Study Notes

Social Psychology Module 13

  • Social psychology studies how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations
  • Module 13.1 covers prosocial and antisocial behavior, including Kohlberg's moral reasoning, the prisoner's dilemma, and factors related to aggression
  • Module 13.2 focuses on social perception and cognition, covering topics like the primacy effect, implicit association tests, prejudice, attributions, and the actor-observer effect
  • Module 13.3 explores attitudes and persuasion, discussing how attitudes are measured, cognitive dissonance, persuasion techniques, fear appeals, and coercive persuasion
  • Module 13.4 examines interpersonal attraction, covering theoretical explanations, factors influencing relationships, types of love, and the concept of similarity
  • Module 13.5 delves into interpersonal influence, reviewing Asch's conformity experiment, cultural variations in conformity, Zimbardo's prison experiment, Milgram's obedience study, group polarization, and group think

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Related Documents

Social Psychology PDF - 2020 Cengage

Description

Explore the core concepts of Module 13 in social psychology, focusing on prosocial and antisocial behavior, social perception, attitudes and persuasion, and interpersonal attraction. This module provides insights into factors influencing behaviors in social settings, including moral reasoning and authority influence through various experiments.

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