30 Questions
According to Latane and Darley's cognitive model, what was the result of the study involving students communicating through microphones in separate cubicles?
The more bystanders an individual thought were present, the less likely they were to help
What is the hypothesis that causes the bystander effect?
Diffusion of responsibility
In what type of emergency situation are bystanders less likely to help, according to the text?
An emergency situation that involves danger to a person or property
What did the study by Latane and Darley involving students communicating through microphones aim to investigate?
Whether bystanders must be physically present to lessen the chance of helping
What is the key concept underlying the hypothesis of diffusion of responsibility?
Tendency of an individual to assume that others will take responsibility
According to the text, what type of emergency situation requires instant action and is less likely to receive bystander help?
An emergency situation involving danger
What did the study by Darley and Latane in 1968 reveal about the relationship between the number of bystanders and the likelihood of helping?
The more bystanders an individual thought were present, the less likely they were to help
In a Sequential Protocol, what do players do?
Make decisions in a pre-determined sequence
What is the impact of harvesting sequentially in a Common Resource Pool?
Better maintenance and longer sustainability
What effect is observed in a Sequential Common Resources Pool dilemma?
Individuals in earlier positions request more than those in later positions
What type of Protocol involves real-time interactions?
Real-time Protocol
What is the focus of Discussion on dilemma in the context of cooperation?
Enhancing cooperation
What is the impact of individuals harvesting simultaneously in a Common Resource Pool?
Decreased maintenance and sustainability
What is the relationship between position and the size of request in a Sequential Common Resources Pool dilemma?
Negative correlation: individuals in earlier positions request more
What is the impact of individuals harvesting simultaneously in a Common Resource Pool?
Decreased maintenance and sustainability
What is the focus of Discussion on dilemma in the context of cooperation?
Enhancing cooperation
In the Prisoner’s Dilemma, what type of game is it described as?
Two-person, mixed motive, non-zero-sum game
What strategy involves starting with cooperation and mimicking the opponent's action in an iterated prisoner's dilemma?
Tit-for-tat strategy
What do social dilemmas, such as common resource pool dilemmas, model?
Conflicts among self-interested individuals sharing a finite desirable good
What type of dilemmas involve cooperation and free-rider problems?
Public good dilemmas and tragedy of the commons
What can help solve social dilemmas according to the text?
Limiting resource access and facilitating communication
What is important in simultaneous protocol games, where all players make decisions at the same time with identical information?
Perceived self-efficacy
What does the game theory concept emphasize in reducing conflict and promoting mutual benefit?
Cooperation and communication
According to the Bystander-Calculus Model, what is involved in the evaluation of consequences of helping in an emergency?
Choosing an action that reduces personal distress at the lowest cost
In the 'Where there’s smoke there’s fire' study by Darley and Latane, what did the study demonstrate?
Individuals were less likely to report an emergency when in the presence of others
Which factor plays a role in helping behavior according to the text?
Situational cues trigger empathic concern, especially when bystanders believe they are similar to the victim
What do norms such as social responsibility and reciprocity influence according to the text?
They influence the perceived costs and benefits of providing help in an emergency
What is the main cost of helping according to the Bystander-Calculus Model?
Time and effort
What role does empathy play in helping behavior according to the text?
Empathy increases the likelihood of helping
What do game theory scenarios such as the 'Battle of the Sexes' and 'Game of Chicken' illustrate according to the text?
They emphasize the complexities of human decision-making and behavior
Study Notes
Social Comparison Theory and Bystander-Calculus Model
- Social Comparison Theory involves comparing behavior and opinions with others to establish socially approved ways of thinking and behaving, such as in purchasing decisions.
- Two variations of the social comparison perspective are the bandwagon effect, where individuals adopt a popular attitude to gain status, and pluralistic ignorance, where people publicly behave differently from their actual beliefs due to ignorance of others' thoughts.
- "Where there’s smoke there’s fire" study by Darley and Latane in 1968 demonstrated the bystander effect, showing that individuals were less likely to report an emergency when in the presence of others, with the response slowing as the number of people present increased.
- The Bystander-Calculus Model explains that individuals calculate the perceived costs and benefits of providing help in an emergency before responding, involving three stages: physiological arousal, labeling this arousal as an emotion, and evaluating the consequences of helping.
- Physiological arousal plays a role in helping behavior, as greater arousal increases the likelihood of helping, and situational cues trigger empathic concern, especially when bystanders believe they are similar to the victim.
- The evaluation of consequences of helping involves choosing an action that reduces personal distress at the lowest cost, with time and effort being the main costs of helping.
- The model also considers empathy costs and personal costs of not helping, where empathy concern and the characteristics of the person in distress affect the costs of not helping, influencing the bystander's decision to help.
- Norms such as social responsibility and reciprocity can influence helping behavior, as individuals may feel a responsibility to help those dependent on them, but conflicting norms may discourage interfering in others' lives.
- Empathy and altruism play a role in helping behavior, with individuals intervening in emergencies to seek relief from unpleasant arousal and being motivated by feelings of warmth and compassion for those in need.
- Feedback manipulation, egoism, and mixed-motive interactions can influence helping behavior, where people may help others only if they receive feedback indicating improvement and may engage in mixed-motive interactions in various situations.
- The Ultimatum game, a real-life application of social norms and social exchange theory, involves decision-making and allocation of resources, reflecting how people weigh costs and rewards before deciding what to do.
- The "Battle of the Sexes" and "Game of Chicken" are examples of game theory scenarios that illustrate decision-making and strategic interactions in different contexts, emphasizing the complexities of human decision-making and behavior.
Test your knowledge of Social Comparison Theory and the Bystander-Calculus Model with this quiz. Explore concepts such as social norms, bystander effect, empathy, and game theory to understand how individuals assess costs and benefits before making decisions in social situations.
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