Social Psychology Group Processes
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary roles identified within a group dynamic?

  • Leadership and membership
  • Active and passive
  • Instrumental and expressive (correct)
  • Formal and informal

    • Group cohesiveness is a term that refers to the dynamics that pull group members further apart.

    False

    What is a group?

    A collection of individuals who share characteristics such as direct interactions, belonging to a social category, or having a common fate.

    Groups establish norms or rules of conduct that can be categorized as ______ or ______.

    <p>formal, informal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Group Norms = Rules of conduct within a group Group Cohesiveness = Dynamics that draw members together Instrumental Roles = Focus on task accomplishment Expressive Roles = Provide emotional support and morale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes group processes?

    <p>Research on how individuals interact within a group setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural differences can enhance group cohesiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of an expressive role in a group setting.

    <p>Providing emotional backing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social loafing?

    <p>Reduced effort by individuals in a group compared to working alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social loafing can be reduced when group members feel accountable for shared tasks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one condition that can reduce social loafing?

    <p>Accountability for shared tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where the desire for group agreement affects decision-making is known as _____ .

    <p>groupthink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why social loafing occurs?

    <p>Belief that personal contributions won’t significantly impact the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brainstorming discourages free expression of ideas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a technique to prevent groupthink.

    <p>Engaging wider consultation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of groupthink in decision-making?

    <p>Consensus without proper evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Group polarization results in groups making less extreme decisions than individuals would typically make.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two key elements that can lead to group polarization.

    <p>Persuasive arguments and social comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effective teams are characterized by clear goals, strong communication, defined roles, trust, and the ability to manage ______ constructively.

    <p>conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Groupthink = Consensus achieved without critical evaluation Group Polarization = Tendency to make more extreme decisions Prisoner's Dilemma = Choosing between cooperation and competition Cultural Dilemmas = Conflicts arising from clashing cultural values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens when a group's initial sentiment favors caution?

    <p>The group may arrive at a more cautious decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural dilemmas arise when cultures have matching customs and beliefs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of individuals suppressing their viewpoints in groupthink?

    <p>Poor decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of an attitude reflects a person's feelings about the object?

    <p>Affective Component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attitudes are innate and not learned through experiences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an attitude in psychology?

    <p>A set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors directed towards a specific object, person, thing, or event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Optimism and adaptability are examples of __________ attitudes.

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of attitude?

    <p>Active Attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of attitude with its description:

    <p>Cognitive Component = Beliefs related to the attitude Emotional Component = Feelings about the object Behavioral Component = Actions influenced by the attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An attitude is a temporary state of mind and does not significantly influence behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of an attitude?

    <p>Affective, behavioral, cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pillars of persuasive skills focuses on establishing credibility?

    <p>Ethos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central route to persuasion involves superficial factors rather than thorough evaluation of the message.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior is influenced by social media, particularly in young adults?

    <p>Risk-taking and reward sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Messages with moderate ______ within them yield the most effective persuasion.

    <p>discrepancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following social behaviors with their descriptions:

    <p>Shaking hands = A common greeting act Flirting = A form of romantic signaling Sharing meals = A social bonding activity Conversations = Exchange of verbal communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attitudes in our experiences?

    <p>To predict behaviors and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ego-defensive function of attitudes often protects someone's self-esteem.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test that gauges the speed of responses to pairings of concepts?

    <p>Implicit Association Test (IAT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attitudes can form through exposure, personal experiences, ________, and reinforcement from rewards and punishments.

    <p>social contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of behavior to their descriptions:

    <p>Molecular Behavior = Behavior at a small or detailed level Overt Behavior = Behavior that is openly displayed Voluntary Behavior = Behavior that is performed consciously Involuntary Behavior = Behavior that occurs without conscious thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is likely to be challenging due to the complexity of attitudes?

    <p>Self-report measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attitudinal strength is not influenced by persuasive messages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common pathway for changing attitudes.

    <p>Communication from others or internal reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Defining a Group

    • A group is a collection of individuals sharing at least one characteristic
    • Shared characteristics can include: direct interaction over time, shared social category (race, sex), or common fate, identity, or goals.

    Group Processes

    • Study of group aspects within social psychology
    • Focuses on group cohesiveness and solidarity
    • Includes how individuals join, socialize within groups, and assume roles
    • Explores the impact of groups on members via persuasion, leadership, and established norms

    Example of Group Process

    • A party planning group is used as an example
    • Members engage in dialogues to complete shared tasks effectively
    • Examples include suggesting band hires and discussing snack options

    Group Roles

    • Instrumental roles focus on accomplishing tasks
    • Expressive roles provide emotional support and maintain morale

    Group Norms

    • Norms are formal or informal rules of conduct within a group
    • They define expectations and behaviors recognized within a social group
    • Examples include nationality, organizations, and sports teams
    • Norms evolve through interactions where members influence each other

    Group Cohesiveness

    • Cohesiveness refers to the forces pulling group members together
    • Cultural differences can impact how individuals perceive and relate to group dynamics

    Social Loafing

    • Individuals contribute less effort to group tasks compared to individual tasks
    • It is a social psychology phenomenon
    • Factors reducing social loafing include accountability for shared tasks, distinguishing individual contributions, and personal significance of the task

    Conditions Reducing Social Loafing

    • Group members feeling accountable for shared tasks
    • Individuals understanding the criticality of their contributions
    • Meaningful or significant tasks leading to greater intrinsic motivation

    Why Social Loafing Occurs

    • The collective effort model suggests reduced individual motivation
    • Lowered expectation of achieving goals through group contribution
    • Reduced perceived personal value of contributions

    Group Performance: Problems and Solutions

    • Brainstorming: a technique for generating ideas within a group
    • Encourages free expression without fear of criticism
    • Preventing Groupthink: preventing an excessive desire for consensus among group members
    • Encouraging wider consultations
    • Minimizing conformity pressure from leaders
    • Promoting critical assessment

    Groupthink

    • A phenomenon where the desire for agreement surpasses the motivation to make informed decisions
    • Leading to poor decisions without considering consequences or alternatives
    • Suppression of individual viewpoints to maintain group harmony

    Consequences of Groupthink

    • Poor decision-making
    • Inadequate exploration of alternatives
    • High probability of flawed decisions
    • Inability to create contingency plans

    Group Polarization

    • Groups tend to make decisions more extreme than individual members' inclinations
    • Higher risk decisions if initial sentiment favors risk; conversely towards more cautious decisions if initial sentiment is cautious

    Factors Creating Group Polarization

    • Persuasive arguments within a group
    • Social comparison, evaluating beliefs against others, to maintain group alignment

    Conditions for Team Effectiveness

    • Clear goals
    • Strong communication
    • Defined roles
    • Trust among members
    • Ability to manage conflicts constructively

    Conflict: Cooperation and Competition

    • The Prisoner's Dilemma: a scenario where individuals choose between cooperation or competition
    • Often leading to suboptimal outcomes

    Cultural Dilemmas

    • Conflicts arise when values, beliefs, customs of one culture conflict with another
    • Stemming from foundational differences affecting perspectives and actions

    The Relationship Between Culture and Ethical Dilemmas

    • Culture profoundly influences an individual's ethical ideologies
    • Guiding principles for perceptions of appropriate behavior

    Social Psychology Course: Attitudes and Social Behavior

    • Attitude: A set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors related to specific objects, people, things, or events

    Types of Attitudes

    • Cognitive Component
    • Emotional Component
    • Behavioral Component
    • Positive Attitude
    • Negative Attitude
    • Neutral Attitude

    Characteristics of Attitudes

    • Directed towards objects, which can be positively or negatively evaluated
    • Learned rather than innate

    Positive Attitudes

    • Examples: optimism, confidence, sincerity, happiness, reliability, adaptability, flexibility, and accountability

    Scientific Definitions of Attitudes

    • A relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies related to socially significant objects, groups, or events
    • A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with favor or disfavor

    Structure of an Attitude

    • Affective Component (feelings)
    • Behavioral Component (actions)
    • Cognitive Component (beliefs)

    Functions of Attitude

    • Provide meaning and stability to experiences
    • Predict behaviors and outcomes

    Ego-defensive Function

    • Protect self-esteem and justify actions causing guilt

    Types of Behavior

    • Molecular and Moral
    • Overt and Covert
    • Voluntary and Involuntary

    Measuring Attitudes

    • Self-Report Measures (e.g., Likert scale)
    • Covert Measures (e.g., physiological responses, brain activity)

    Implicit Association Test (IAT)

    • Gauges speed of responses to concept pairings
    • Highlights implicit biases and attitudes

    Formation of Attitudes

    • Formed through exposure, personal experience, social contexts, reinforcement
    • Attitudes significantly influence behavior, aligning with the theory of planned behavior
    • Attitudes can sometimes dissociate from specific behaviors

    Factors Indicating Attitude Strength

    • Well-informed individuals exhibiting consistent behavior with their attitudes
    • Attitude strength influenced by persuasive messages

    Changing Attitudes

    • Communication from others and internal reflection are common pathways

    Social Behavior

    • Influence of social media affecting reward sensitivity & risk-taking, particularly in young adults

    Examples of Human Social Behavior

    • Shaking hands, flirting, conversations, religious rituals, exchanging nonverbal signals, sharing meals

    Pillars of Persuasive Skills

    • Ethos (credibility), Logos (logic), Pathos (emotions)

    Uses of Persuasive Text

    • Present a viewpoint to convince readers
    • Including arguments, discussions, reviews, advertisements

    Routes to Persuasion

    • Central Route (careful message evaluation)
    • Peripheral Route (influenced by superficial factors)

    Effective Message Elements

    • Length, presentation order, emotional appeal enhance impact
    • Moderate discrepancy yields effective persuasion

    Conclusion

    • Understanding group dynamics, social behavior, attitudes, and persuasion improves interpersonal relationships and communication.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the dynamics of group processes in social psychology. It covers defining groups, roles within them, and the influence of norms on group behavior. Delve into how these elements contribute to group cohesiveness and individual experiences.

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