Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a key strength of using surveys in descriptive research?
Which of the following is a key strength of using surveys in descriptive research?
- They eliminate social desirability bias.
- They guarantee cause-effect conclusions.
- They allow for the easy collection of large amounts of data. (correct)
- They are easy to use in controlled laboratory settings.
Observational research always guarantees completely objective results.
Observational research always guarantees completely objective results.
False (B)
In experimental research, the variable that the researcher manipulates is called the ________ variable.
In experimental research, the variable that the researcher manipulates is called the ________ variable.
independent
What is a primary weakness of correlational research?
What is a primary weakness of correlational research?
Random assignment is a technique used in correlational research to ensure equal groups.
Random assignment is a technique used in correlational research to ensure equal groups.
What does IRB stand for?
What does IRB stand for?
What is 'construct validity' in the context of surveys?
What is 'construct validity' in the context of surveys?
Social desirability bias is a strength of surveys because it leads to more honest responses.
Social desirability bias is a strength of surveys because it leads to more honest responses.
A detailed observation and recording of a single case is known as a ______.
A detailed observation and recording of a single case is known as a ______.
Which of the following is an example of a performance-based measure?
Which of the following is an example of a performance-based measure?
Correlational research can determine the cause of a relationship between two variables.
Correlational research can determine the cause of a relationship between two variables.
What is the range of the strength of a relationship in correlational research?
What is the range of the strength of a relationship in correlational research?
Which of the following helps control extraneous variables and improve internal validity?
Which of the following helps control extraneous variables and improve internal validity?
Experiments in a lab always have better external validity than naturalistic studies.
Experiments in a lab always have better external validity than naturalistic studies.
Translating abstract concepts into concrete study variables is known as _______.
Translating abstract concepts into concrete study variables is known as _______.
What is the primary goal of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
What is the primary goal of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
It is always ethical to deceive research participants as long as you debrief them afterward.
It is always ethical to deceive research participants as long as you debrief them afterward.
Name one of the six key principles of research with humans.
Name one of the six key principles of research with humans.
Which type of research is best suited for making predictions about variables?
Which type of research is best suited for making predictions about variables?
The Hawthorne effect is a weakness in observational research where subjects change their behavior because they know they are being observed.
The Hawthorne effect is a weakness in observational research where subjects change their behavior because they know they are being observed.
The degree to which conclusions from a study can be generalized beyond the specifics of the study is known as ________ validity.
The degree to which conclusions from a study can be generalized beyond the specifics of the study is known as ________ validity.
In experimental research, which type of validity is typically maximized in lab experiments at the expense of realism?
In experimental research, which type of validity is typically maximized in lab experiments at the expense of realism?
Mundane realism refers to whether the study's participants are paid fairly.
Mundane realism refers to whether the study's participants are paid fairly.
According to ethical guidelines, what should researchers aim to minimize in their studies?
According to ethical guidelines, what should researchers aim to minimize in their studies?
Match the research type with its description:
Match the research type with its description:
Flashcards
Surveys / Self-Reports
Surveys / Self-Reports
Researching by collecting data in the form of surveys or self-reports.
Construct validity
Construct validity
Degree to which a question measures the concept it is supposed to be measuring
Demand characteristic
Demand characteristic
An aspect of the materials that forces or demands a particular response
Observational Research
Observational Research
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Case study
Case study
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Observer bias
Observer bias
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Hawthorne effect
Hawthorne effect
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Correlational Research
Correlational Research
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Weakness of correlational research
Weakness of correlational research
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Independent variable
Independent variable
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Dependent variable
Dependent variable
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Internal validity
Internal validity
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External validity
External validity
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Operationalization
Operationalization
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Mundane realism
Mundane realism
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Experimental realism
Experimental realism
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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Informed consent
Informed consent
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Integrity
Integrity
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Study Notes
- Social psychology employs descriptive, correlational, and experimental research methods
Descriptive Research
- Studies are done through surveys, observational studies, and other data collecting techniques
- Surveys/self-reports can easily collect a lot of data and directly access respondents' thoughts
- Surveys/self-reports can be impacted by social desirability bias and question wording/ordering
- Demand characteristic is an aspect of study materials that force or demand a particular response
- Construct validity refers to how accurately a question measures the concept it intends to measure
- Observational research includes systematic/naturalistic observation
- Case studies involve elaborate and detailed observation and recording of a single case
- Observational research involves careful measurement and natural responding
- Observational research can be impacted by observer bias, Hawthorne effect, and generalization problems
- Performance-based measures include reaction time and memory tests
- Bodily responses are gauged through skin conductance and electromyography
- Electrophysiological methods, functional imagining and lesioning methods include EEG and fMRI
Correlational Research
- Two variables are measured to statistically identify any relationship between them
- Relationship shows a strength (0.00 – 1.00) and direction that may be positive or negative
- Strengths is that it can make predictions and be used easily in natural settings or with pre-existing data
- Weaknesses that cause-effect conclusions cannot be made
- Directionality and third variable problems may arise
Experimental Research
- The researcher manipulates the independent variable and measures the dependent variable
- Independent variable creates groups/conditions
- Dependent variable helps researcher assess the effect of the independent variable
- Internal validity indicates the degree to which a study is free of confounds
- Controlling extraneous variables, randomly assigning conditions and statistical significance enhance internal validity
- External validity indicates the degree to which conclusions can be generalized beyond the specifics of the study
- Lab experiments maximize internal validity, while naturalistic studies maximize realism
- Operationalization translates abstract concepts into concrete study variables
- Mundane realism assesses whether the study environment resembles the real world
- Experimental realism assesses whether the study captures participants’ state of mind like the real world
Ethics
- An Institutional Review Board (IRB) evaluates the merits of research
- Obtain informed consent (when possible)
- Avoid invasion of privacy and coercion
- Minimize stress, deception, and ensure confidentiality
- Competence is needed to conduct high quality research
- Integrity is about avoiding plagiarism, refraining from data fabrication, and giving proper authorship credit
- Concern addresses the welfare of participants and research assistants
- Social responsibility involves advancing human welfare, and avoiding misuse of findings
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Description
Explore descriptive research methods in social psychology, including surveys, observational studies, and case studies. Understand the advantages of collecting data efficiently and observing natural responses. Be aware of potential biases like social desirability, observer bias and the Hawthorne effect.
