Social Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is social psychology?

The analysis of cultural impacts on behavior

The study of group dynamics

The scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of others (correct)

The study of social media effects

What is social influence?

The process through which the real or implied presence of others can influence an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

What does conformity mean?

Changing one's own behavior to match that of other people.

Define groupthink.

A kind of thinking that occurs when people prioritize group cohesiveness over assessing the facts of a problem. Signup and view all the answers

What is compliance?

Changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change. Signup and view all the answers

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

Asking for a small commitment and then asking for a bigger commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the door-in-the-face technique entail?

Asking for a large commitment and being refused, then asking for a smaller commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the norm of reciprocity?

The assumption that if someone does something for a person, that person should return the favor. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the lowball technique.

Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the that's-not-all technique?

A sales tactic where the persuader makes an offer and adds extras before the target can make a decision. Signup and view all the answers

What does obedience mean in a social context?

Changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Milgram study known for?

A study where a 'teacher' administered what were believed to be real shocks to a 'learner'. Signup and view all the answers

Define group polarization.

The tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take more extreme positions compared to individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

The positive impact on the performance of an easy task due to the presence of other people. Signup and view all the answers

What is social loafing?

The tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others. Signup and view all the answers

Define attitudes in social psychology.

A tendency to respond positively or negatively to a certain person, object, idea, or situation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the affective component of an attitude?

How a person feels towards a certain person, object, idea, or situation. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the behavioral component of attitudes.

The action a person takes in regard to the person, object, idea, or situation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive component of an attitude?

The way a person thinks about a person, object, idea, or situation. Signup and view all the answers

Define vicarious conditioning.

Watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is persuasion?

The process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person. Signup and view all the answers

What is social cognition?

The mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them. Signup and view all the answers

Define impression formation.

The forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect in social psychology?

The tendency for the first impression of a person to persist even in the face of contradictory evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Define social categorization.

The assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on shared characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereotype?

A set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular social category. Signup and view all the answers

Explain implicit personality theory.

Sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related. Signup and view all the answers

What is a schema?

Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people. Signup and view all the answers

What is attribution?

The process of explaining one's behavior and the behavior of others. Signup and view all the answers

Define attribution theory.

The theory of how people make attributions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a situational cause?

Cause of behavior attributed to external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dispositional cause?

Cause of behavior assumed to come from within the individual. Signup and view all the answers

Define prejudice.

A negative attitude held about the members of a particular group. Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination in social psychology?

Treating people differently as a result of prejudice towards that group. Signup and view all the answers

What is an in-group?

Social groups with whom a person identifies. Signup and view all the answers

Define out-group.

Social groups with whom a person does not identify. Signup and view all the answers

What does realistic conflict theory state?

Conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

What is scapegoating?

The tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members. Signup and view all the answers

What is social cognitive theory?

View prejudice as an attitude acquired through social influences. Signup and view all the answers

Define social identity theory.

Theory explaining the formation of a person's identity within a social group. Signup and view all the answers

What is social identity?

The part of the self-concept including one's view of oneself as a member of a group. Signup and view all the answers

What does stereotype vulnerability mean?

The effect that people's awareness of stereotypes has on their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

The tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define equal status contact.

Contact between groups with equal status and no power dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a jigsaw classroom?

An educational technique in which each individual contributes uniquely. Signup and view all the answers

What is interpersonal attraction?

Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person. Signup and view all the answers

What does proximity refer to in social psychology?

Physical or geographical nearness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reciprocity of liking?

The tendency of people to like others who like them in return. Signup and view all the answers

Define love in social psychology.

A strong affection towards another person due to various ties. Signup and view all the answers

What is liking?

Intimacy only. Signup and view all the answers

Define companionate love.

Intimacy plus commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What is romantic love?

Intimacy plus passion. Signup and view all the answers

Define infatuation.

Passion only. Signup and view all the answers

What is fatuous love?

Passion plus commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What is empty love?

Commitment only. Signup and view all the answers

Define consummate love.

Intimacy plus passion plus commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What is aggression?

Behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person. Signup and view all the answers

What does biology influence in aggression?

Genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and hormone levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is a social role?

The pattern of behavior expected from a person in a particular social position. Signup and view all the answers

What is prosocial behavior?

Socially desirable behavior that benefits others. Signup and view all the answers

Define the bystander effect.

The effect that the presence of others has on the decision to help or not help. Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A person fails to take responsibility for action due to the presence of others. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social psychology examines how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by the presence of others, whether real, imagined, or implied.
Social influence reflects how the presence of others can directly or indirectly change an individual's feelings and actions.

Conformity involves aligning one's behavior to match that of a group.
Groupthink prioritizes group harmony over critical evaluation of information and facts.
Compliance refers to behavior change prompted by requests or directives from others.

Persuasion Techniques

The foot-in-the-door technique starts with a small request and escalates to a larger one after initial compliance.
Door-in-the-face technique begins with a large request that is likely to be rejected, followed by a smaller request.
Norm of reciprocity is the expectation to return favors or positive actions.
Lowball technique obtains a commitment and then increases the cost of the commitment.
That’s-not-all technique enhances an offer by adding bonuses to persuade the target person.

Authority and Obedience

Obedience is a change in behavior in response to an authority figure's command.
The Milgram study demonstrated the extent of obedience where participants administered perceived shocks to others.

Group Dynamics

Group polarization leads to more extreme positions after group discussions compared to individual viewpoints.
Social facilitation indicates improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
Social loafing suggests individuals exert less effort in group tasks than when working alone.

Attitudes consist of cognitive (thought), affective (feelings), and behavioral (actions) components regarding people, ideas, or situations.
Vicarious conditioning occurs through observing others' interactions with various stimuli.

Impression Formation and Stereotypes

Impression formation establishes first knowledge about a person, influenced by primary effect, where initial impressions are strong and persistent.
Social categorization involves assigning individuals to groups based on shared characteristics, leading to stereotyping.

Attribution explains the reasons behind one's own and others' behaviors.
Attribution theory analyzes how we determine the causes of actions, distinguishing between situational (external) and dispositional (internal) causes.
Prejudice is a negative attitude towards a group, while discrimination involves differential treatment based on prejudices.

In-group and Out-group Dynamics

In-group members share social identification, while out-group members are those not identified with.
Realistic conflict theory posits that intergroup conflicts escalate prejudice and discrimination.
Scapegoating occurs when out-group members are unjustly blamed for problems faced by an in-group.

Interpersonal Relationships

Social cognitive theory sees prejudice as learned through societal influences and interactions.
Interpersonal attraction is influenced by factors like proximity and reciprocity of liking, where mutual attraction leads to stronger connections.

Types of Love

Varied forms of love include:
- Liking: emotional intimacy.
- Companionate love: emotional intimacy plus commitment.
- Romantic love: emotional intimacy plus passion.
- Infatuation: purely passion-driven.
- Fatuous love: passion and commitment without intimacy.
- Empty love: commitment without intimacy or passion.
- Consummate love: the ideal combining intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Aggression and Prosocial Behavior

Aggression encompasses behaviors aimed at harming others.
Biological factors influencing aggression include genetics, brain structure (amygdala and limbic system), and neurochemicals (testosterone and serotonin).
Prosocial behavior signifies actions intended to benefit others, countered by the bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to help in the presence of other witnesses.
Diffusion of responsibility occurs when people fail to act due to perceived shared responsibility among bystanders.

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Description

Test your knowledge of Chapter 12 in Social Psychology with these flashcards. Learn key terms such as social influence, conformity, and more, while exploring how our behavior is shaped by the presence of others. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of social interactions.