Social Problems Research Methods: Surveys & Experiments

• Social problems require systematic research methods for effective analysis by scholars, policymakers, and the public
• Research methods vary in suitability based on the social issue

Surveys

• Data is gathered from individuals via questionnaires or interviews
• Allows large data collection from diverse populations quickly and cost-effectively
• Surveys can be in-person, via phone, mail, or online

Advantages

• Can identify trends in public opinion, behaviors, and demographics
• Standardized data allows comparison across groups and time
• Generalization of findings is possible if the sample represents the larger population

Disadvantages

• Inaccurate or socially desirable answers can bias data
• May not capture the depth of social issues, due to reliance on predetermined questions that limit nuanced responses

Experiments

• Designed to test cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables in a controlled setting
• Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or natural experiments determine how changes in one factor influence another

Advantages

• Provides strong evidence of causality
• Valuable for testing theories and assessing the effectiveness of policies
• Isolating specific variables identifies factors with the greatest societal impact

Disadvantages

• Artificial conditions can limit applicability to real-world conditions
• Participants may behave differently in a controlled environment (Hawthorne effect)
• Ethical considerations restrict experimentation with sensitive social issues

Observation (Field Research)

• Involves direct observation of social phenomena in their natural environment
• Used in qualitative research to understand social behaviors, interactions, and cultural norms

Advantages

• Provides rich, detailed insights that surveys and experiments may miss
• Witnessing social interactions firsthand enhances understanding

Disadvantages

• Can be time-consuming, costly, and difficult to replicate
• Researchers may unintentionally influence behavior, biasing results
• Ethical concerns arise when studying vulnerable populations without full consent

Existing Data (U.S. Census, Government Reports, etc.)

• Involves analyzing previously collected data to examine long-term trends and large-scale social patterns
• Official records provide useful information for studying social issues

Advantages

• Saves time and resources by not collecting new data
• Large datasets offer broad coverage and enable historical comparisons

Disadvantages

• Available data may not suit the specific research question
• Biases in data collection can affect the validity of findings

Arguments Against the Functionalist View on Job Compensation

• Functionalist perspective says job compensation mirrors role importance and required expertise
• Jobs that are difficult and essential are naturally rewarded, ensuring qualified people fill the roles

Disparities in Compensation Do Not Reflect Societal Value

• Crucial jobs like teachers are paid less than athletes
• If pay truly reflected value, essential roles would have higher pay

Barriers to Access and Unequal Opportunities

• Functionalist theory assumes high-paying jobs are attainable through effort
• Systemic inequalities prevent access to top-paying positions
• Finances and connections often outweigh talent in career advancement

Exploitation of Low-Wage Workers

• Compensation system is driven by profit motives rather than fair assessment
• Low-wage workers in essential jobs receive minimal compensation while executives gain significant wealth

Proposed Remedies to Reduce Poverty in the United States

• Poverty remains a persistent issue in the United States

Raising the Minimum Wage:

• Ensures a livable income for workers
• Reduces reliance on aid and boosts consumer spending

Expanding Social Programs:

• SNAP, Medicaid, and housing assistance mitigate the impacts of poverty

Improving Education and Workforce Training

• Helps individuals develop skills needed for higher-paying jobs

Tax Reforms

• Taxes on the wealthy can fund anti-poverty initiatives and reduce income inequality

Universal Basic Income (UBI)

• Ensures financial stability and reduces poverty-related stress

Hardships Faced by Women in Poor Nations

• Women in impoverished nations face systemic challenges

Limited Access to Education

• Girls are denied schooling due to cultural norms, finances, and early marriage
• Lack of education restricts employment options and independence

Healthcare Disparities

• Women in poor nations experience increased maternal mortality rates, malnutrition, and restricted access to reproductive healthcare

Gender-Based Violence and Discrimination

• Experience domestic violence, sexual assault, and human trafficking

Economic Inequality

• They are denied property rights, equal wages, and access to financial resources