Social Problems Chapter 7 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What has hit an all-time high regarding race relations?

Concern about race relations

Currently in the United States, slightly more than one in how many persons are members of a minority group?

Three

Which is the largest racial or ethnic group in the United States today?

Hispanic

What two factors contribute to the increasing diversity in the United States?

<p>Immigration patterns and birthrates among specific groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which states have minorities outnumbering whites?

<p>Hawaii</p> Signup and view all the answers

What decision did the U.S. Supreme Court make in 1954 regarding segregated educational facilities?

<p>Declared segregated educational facilities to be inherently unequal</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 differ from earlier acts in 1957 and 1960?

<p>Provided ways to deny federal money to local governments that permitted discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did the first major urban riot of the 1960's occur?

<p>Watts, Los Angeles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provisions were included in the 1975 extension of the Voting Rights Act?

<p>Bilingual elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What often happens when a minority group is large and segregated?

<p>The more hostility its members encounter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to groups that do not receive the same treatment as others in society?

<p>Minorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inherited characteristics, such as skin color, are considered features of what?

<p>Race</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethnic identity does Juan have?

<p>Cuban</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where has genocide occurred over the last 25 years?

<p>Rwanda, Syria, and Myanmar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process when members of a minority group adopt characteristics of the mainstream culture?

<p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a principle characteristic of a minority group?

<p>Subordinate status</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important characteristic of dominant groups around the world?

<p>Economic and political power</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior is motivated by the belief that human races have distinctive characteristics?

<p>Racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to differential treatment of individuals in a social group?

<p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What attitude does Becca have towards members of a subordinate group?

<p>Prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of discrimination involves refusing to sell based on group membership, even if the builder may not hold prejudice?

<p>Institutional discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'institutional discrimination' involve in terms of prejudice?

<p>Discrimination where prejudice is absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'latent bigotry' refer to?

<p>Prejudice without discrimination occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frustration-aggression is a way that prejudice may manifest itself in individuals. What is a second way?

<p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique did whites use to justify their racism against black women in history?

<p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What involves redirecting anger towards a safer target?

<p>A scapegoat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to condemning undesirable traits attributed to a minority group?

<p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process results from the struggle for possession of valued goods in the context of prejudice and discrimination?

<p>A political process involving a struggle for power</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the accepted standards of behavior in a given situation called?

<p>Social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the expectation to marry someone similar in religion, social class, and race?

<p>Homogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal case was responsible for ending antimiscegenation laws?

<p>Loving v. Virginia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discrimination built into the structure of society is called _______ discrimination.

<p>Institutional</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, filings of discrimination based on race have what trend since 2000?

<p>Remained about the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of institutional discrimination concerning education?

<p>Black students tend to come from far less wealthy homes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'de jure segregation' refer to?

<p>Segregation required by law</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been revealed about school desegregation according to a recent study?

<p>Resegregation of the races is increasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agreement restricts homeowners from selling property to specified groups?

<p>Restrictive covenant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research method involves comparing responses of black and white couples to housing options?

<p>Audit research</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recent trend has research suggested regarding hiring discrimination against blacks and Hispanics?

<p>Has remained relatively stable against blacks, but has declined modestly against Hispanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statement best explains why blacks are imprisoned on drug charges more than whites?

<p>Discrimination plays a role in who is arrested</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the application of the death penalty is true?

<p>Blacks are overrepresented on death row</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the U.S. Supreme Court note about the experiences of discrimination?

<p>Both the minority group and the dominant group experience harmful effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research method did Robert Coles use in his study of discrimination effects?

<p>Analysis of how black schoolchildren depicted their world and themselves through drawings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does continuous friendly contact between white and black children result in, according to Robert Coles?

<p>The prejudices of both the children and their parents were broken down</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when Destiny gives her children books featuring strong black characters?

<p>Racial/ethnic/cultural socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might Tran be exhibiting if he dislikes his cultural heritage?

<p>Internalized racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What policy aims to correct past patterns of discrimination?

<p>Affirmative action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What landmark case was pivotal for affirmative action?

<p>The U.S. Supreme Court decision regarding Alan Bakke and the University of California at Davis Medical School</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'reverse discrimination' mean?

<p>Giving minorities a preference that some whites feel discriminates against them</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of affirmative action did the Supreme Court rule as discriminatory in Alan Bakke's case?

<p>A special quota program</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Racial and Ethnic Demographics

  • Concern about race relations is at an all-time high in the U.S.
  • Over three individuals are members of a minority group in the United States.
  • Hispanics constitute the largest racial or ethnic group currently and are projected to remain the largest by 2060.
  • The U.S. is becoming increasingly diverse due to immigration patterns and rising birthrates among specific groups.
  • States where minorities outnumber whites include Hawaii and New Mexico.
  • The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision declared segregated educational facilities as inherently unequal.
  • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 permits denial of federal funds to local governments that allow discrimination, differing from earlier acts.
  • The Voting Rights Act extension in 1975 introduced bilingual elections and banned literacy tests for voting.

Prejudice and Discrimination

  • Hostility towards large, segregated minority groups tends to increase.
  • Terms defining groups with unequal treatment are referred to as minorities.
  • Racism involves beliefs about racial superiority influencing behavior.
  • Discrimination is defined as the differential treatment of individuals based on social group status.
  • Prejudice is described as rigid emotional attitudes towards subordinate groups.

Theoretical Perspectives

  • Institutional discrimination occurs when discrimination is built into societal structures, often without overt prejudice.
  • Latent bigotry involves prejudice without accompanying discriminatory actions.
  • Scapegoating can redirect frustration and aggression towards marginalized groups.

Social Dynamics and Interaction

  • Factors influencing prejudice and discrimination include competition for resources, viewed as a political power struggle.
  • Established social norms dictate behavior regarding intergroup relationships, leading to homogamy, or marrying within one's own group.
  • Audit research reveals patterns of discrimination based on race through the comparison of treatment between minority and majority clients.

Education and Institutional Inequality

  • The educational background of parents significantly influences the opportunities available to their children, exposing systemic inequalities.
  • Responses to perceived threats often manifest through projection, attributing one's own undesirable traits to others.

Effects of Discrimination

  • Discrimination impacts both minority and dominant groups, affecting experiences of prejudice.
  • Disparities in incarceration rates and application of the death penalty indicate systemic racial biases.

Cultural Identity and Socialization

  • Racial and ethnic socialization involves positive reinforcement of cultural identity among children.
  • Internalized racism can occur when individuals from minority groups reject their culture in favor of the dominant culture.
  • Affirmative action aims to redress historical discrimination patterns.
  • The landmark case of Alan Bakke challenged the legality of special quota programs within affirmative action policies, highlighting issues of reverse discrimination.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of race relations with these flashcards from Social Problems Chapter 7. Explore statistics and trends related to minority groups in the United States. Perfect for exam preparation and review.

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