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What are the two main constraints on word learning according to the social-pragmatic approach?
What are the two main constraints on word learning according to the social-pragmatic approach?
What role does joint attention play in the social-pragmatic approach to language learning?
What role does joint attention play in the social-pragmatic approach to language learning?
Which statement best describes how children learn language in familiar social contexts?
Which statement best describes how children learn language in familiar social contexts?
How do social-cognitive skills assist in word learning?
How do social-cognitive skills assist in word learning?
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What is a key component of the social-pragmatic approach to language learning proposed by Tomasello?
What is a key component of the social-pragmatic approach to language learning proposed by Tomasello?
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At what age do children typically start using their first words?
At what age do children typically start using their first words?
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What percentage of English-speaking children's first 50 words are typically nouns?
What percentage of English-speaking children's first 50 words are typically nouns?
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What type of words are commonly characterized by the early noun bias?
What type of words are commonly characterized by the early noun bias?
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Which error involves using a word in a broader context than its actual meaning?
Which error involves using a word in a broader context than its actual meaning?
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What does the natural partitions hypothesis suggest about early nouns?
What does the natural partitions hypothesis suggest about early nouns?
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Which of the following best describes under-extension in early word use?
Which of the following best describes under-extension in early word use?
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What age do children generally stop making frequent overextension errors?
What age do children generally stop making frequent overextension errors?
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Which of the following is not considered a category of early words?
Which of the following is not considered a category of early words?
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What is the significance of function words in language syntax?
What is the significance of function words in language syntax?
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How does word order in Japanese differ from English?
How does word order in Japanese differ from English?
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At what age do infants begin to show sensitivity to word order rules in their language?
At what age do infants begin to show sensitivity to word order rules in their language?
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Which of the following statements is true about Italian 8-month-olds?
Which of the following statements is true about Italian 8-month-olds?
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What type of patterns can 6-month-olds learn, according to recent research?
What type of patterns can 6-month-olds learn, according to recent research?
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Which of the following sentences is grammatically incorrect?
Which of the following sentences is grammatically incorrect?
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How do infants begin cracking the complexities of language?
How do infants begin cracking the complexities of language?
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What aspect of language learning is emphasized for infants in the content?
What aspect of language learning is emphasized for infants in the content?
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What aspect of language refers to the patterns of stress and intonation?
What aspect of language refers to the patterns of stress and intonation?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding early phonological development?
Which of the following statements is true regarding early phonological development?
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What term describes the small units of sound in language that can distinguish meaning?
What term describes the small units of sound in language that can distinguish meaning?
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At what age can infants discriminately distinguish between all sounds, including foreign ones?
At what age can infants discriminately distinguish between all sounds, including foreign ones?
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Which of the following statements best explains why infants prefer their native language over foreign languages?
Which of the following statements best explains why infants prefer their native language over foreign languages?
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What developmental trend occurs between 7-11 months regarding phoneme discrimination?
What developmental trend occurs between 7-11 months regarding phoneme discrimination?
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Which combination represents correct syntax in English?
Which combination represents correct syntax in English?
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What significant change occurs in phonemic perception from infancy to adulthood?
What significant change occurs in phonemic perception from infancy to adulthood?
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What do nativist approaches emphasize regarding children's early multiword utterances?
What do nativist approaches emphasize regarding children's early multiword utterances?
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What is the main focus of continuity accounts in language development?
What is the main focus of continuity accounts in language development?
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At what stage do children primarily use content words in their utterances?
At what stage do children primarily use content words in their utterances?
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Which components of grammar are activated during the Functional Stage of development?
Which components of grammar are activated during the Functional Stage of development?
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What do theorists claim about the development of language in children with different experiences?
What do theorists claim about the development of language in children with different experiences?
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What challenge do researchers face concerning the maturation model of language development?
What challenge do researchers face concerning the maturation model of language development?
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Which type of utterance is characterized by more complex grammatical components?
Which type of utterance is characterized by more complex grammatical components?
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What is a significant theoretical advantage of the maturational model?
What is a significant theoretical advantage of the maturational model?
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What motivates children to imitate others selectively?
What motivates children to imitate others selectively?
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How do children respond when they witness ostracism?
How do children respond when they witness ostracism?
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At what age do children begin to exhibit basic self-awareness?
At what age do children begin to exhibit basic self-awareness?
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In terms of reputation management, whom do children care more about being observed by?
In terms of reputation management, whom do children care more about being observed by?
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How do children demonstrate loyalty to their groups?
How do children demonstrate loyalty to their groups?
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What is a critical aspect of children's development highlighted by the importance of play?
What is a critical aspect of children's development highlighted by the importance of play?
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When do children develop more sophisticated self-awareness through meta-representation?
When do children develop more sophisticated self-awareness through meta-representation?
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What has been recognized as a right of every child by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?
What has been recognized as a right of every child by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?
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What is the primary focus of semantic bootstrapping in language acquisition?
What is the primary focus of semantic bootstrapping in language acquisition?
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What is the linking problem in children's language development?
What is the linking problem in children's language development?
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What approach claims that changes in children's language development are due to biological maturation?
What approach claims that changes in children's language development are due to biological maturation?
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At what age do children typically begin to use many functional words related to lexical frames?
At what age do children typically begin to use many functional words related to lexical frames?
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Which of the following best describes innate linking rules in children's language learning?
Which of the following best describes innate linking rules in children's language learning?
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What describes the shift in children's understanding of belief as they develop?
What describes the shift in children's understanding of belief as they develop?
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Which factor could lead to an underestimation of young children's capabilities in false belief tasks?
Which factor could lead to an underestimation of young children's capabilities in false belief tasks?
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Inhibitory control is relevant in false belief tasks because it involves suppressing what?
Inhibitory control is relevant in false belief tasks because it involves suppressing what?
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What improvement is observed in children's performance when Maxi's chocolate is destroyed rather than moved?
What improvement is observed in children's performance when Maxi's chocolate is destroyed rather than moved?
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What is a critical aspect of the competence model regarding children's false belief understanding?
What is a critical aspect of the competence model regarding children's false belief understanding?
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What age is significant for infants to start considering others' beliefs during goal-directed actions?
What age is significant for infants to start considering others' beliefs during goal-directed actions?
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What might children under the age of 5 demonstrate through deceptive strategies in a hide-and-seek game?
What might children under the age of 5 demonstrate through deceptive strategies in a hide-and-seek game?
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What wording in false belief task questions may confuse children and affect their responses?
What wording in false belief task questions may confuse children and affect their responses?
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What aspect of language does prosody refer to?
What aspect of language does prosody refer to?
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At what age can infants discriminate between all sounds, including those from foreign languages?
At what age can infants discriminate between all sounds, including those from foreign languages?
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What is the effect of maturation on phoneme discrimination in infants?
What is the effect of maturation on phoneme discrimination in infants?
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What do phonemes do in a language?
What do phonemes do in a language?
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What preference do newborns exhibit regarding language?
What preference do newborns exhibit regarding language?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the sounds used in languages?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the sounds used in languages?
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What is a key outcome of the infants’ early exposure to different prosodic patterns?
What is a key outcome of the infants’ early exposure to different prosodic patterns?
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What happens to infants’ sound discrimination abilities as they grow older?
What happens to infants’ sound discrimination abilities as they grow older?
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What aspect of functional play involves children discovering how objects work?
What aspect of functional play involves children discovering how objects work?
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Which type of play involves children building things?
Which type of play involves children building things?
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How does pedagogical demonstration influence children’s exploration with toys?
How does pedagogical demonstration influence children’s exploration with toys?
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Which condition resulted in children exploring the magnetic feature of a toy more according to Butler & Markman's research?
Which condition resulted in children exploring the magnetic feature of a toy more according to Butler & Markman's research?
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What motivates children to engage in pretend or symbolic play?
What motivates children to engage in pretend or symbolic play?
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What is a key feature of play that indicates it is not driven by external rewards?
What is a key feature of play that indicates it is not driven by external rewards?
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In what way can adult pedagogy negatively influence a child's play?
In what way can adult pedagogy negatively influence a child's play?
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What type of play involves children substituting imaginary scenarios for real-life ones?
What type of play involves children substituting imaginary scenarios for real-life ones?
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At what age do children begin to actively intervene in norm violations they witness?
At what age do children begin to actively intervene in norm violations they witness?
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Which behavior is commonly observed in 2- and 3-year-olds when their own property rights are at stake?
Which behavior is commonly observed in 2- and 3-year-olds when their own property rights are at stake?
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How do 3-year-olds generally react in a scenario where they witness conflicting normative behaviors?
How do 3-year-olds generally react in a scenario where they witness conflicting normative behaviors?
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What factor differentiates the normative enforcement behavior of 5- to 8-year-old children across different societies?
What factor differentiates the normative enforcement behavior of 5- to 8-year-old children across different societies?
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What aspect of normative understanding becomes more flexible in children as they grow older?
What aspect of normative understanding becomes more flexible in children as they grow older?
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In the study on norm enforcement, how did 5-year-olds compare to 3-year-olds in resolving normative conflicts?
In the study on norm enforcement, how did 5-year-olds compare to 3-year-olds in resolving normative conflicts?
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What tends to happen when children witness a peer breaking a conventional norm in a game?
What tends to happen when children witness a peer breaking a conventional norm in a game?
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What is a key difference observed between imperative protest and normative protest in children’s responses?
What is a key difference observed between imperative protest and normative protest in children’s responses?
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At what age do children begin to extend novel nouns from examples shown to them?
At what age do children begin to extend novel nouns from examples shown to them?
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What was the response of children when shown a purple horse and a purple plate and asked to give a 'blickish' one?
What was the response of children when shown a purple horse and a purple plate and asked to give a 'blickish' one?
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What do children fail to extend when they are taught new adjectives, as shown in studies?
What do children fail to extend when they are taught new adjectives, as shown in studies?
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In the context of verb understanding, which of the following statements is accurate based on the studies referenced?
In the context of verb understanding, which of the following statements is accurate based on the studies referenced?
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Which of the following is an indication that children do not fully grasp the use of adjectives by 14-18 months?
Which of the following is an indication that children do not fully grasp the use of adjectives by 14-18 months?
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What can be inferred about children's sensitivity to sentence structure based on recent studies?
What can be inferred about children's sensitivity to sentence structure based on recent studies?
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Which key component about word categories do children seem to need to grasp sentence structure effectively?
Which key component about word categories do children seem to need to grasp sentence structure effectively?
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What is true regarding children's understanding of structural cues for words as they develop?
What is true regarding children's understanding of structural cues for words as they develop?
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Study Notes
Language Basics
- Language is generative, comprised of small units combined (phonology).
- Language conveys meaning (semantics).
- Languages have rules about how words go together (syntax).
- Examples of subject-verb-object in English include "A bites the dog man," "The dog bites a man," and "The man bites a dog."
- Language is social.
Infant Designs
- Preference studies: Without training, infants prefer certain sounds or sights.
- Habituation/familiarization studies: Infants are trained to respond to specific stimuli, and their preferences are measured.
- Change detection studies: Infants are trained to detect changes in stimuli, to see if they can tell the difference.
Prosody
- Prosody describes stress and intonation patterns in language.
- Different languages have different prosodic patterns.
Phonemes
- Phonemes are the distinct units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a language.
- Examples include 'p', 'b', 'd', and 't'.
- Languages vary in the phonemes they use.
Early Phonological Development
- The fetal auditory system is fully functional during the last trimester.
- Newborns have preferences for their mother's voice.
- Newborns can discriminate between languages with different prosody (e.g. German/Spanish) but may not differentiate ones with similar prosody (e.g. English and Dutch).
- Newborns tend to prefer their native language over foreign languages.
- Babies cry with an "accent" (their native language).
Finding the Words
- Prosody (1): Infant-directed speech (IDS) has higher pitch and slower speaking speed.
- Prosody (2): Children understand IDS better than adult directed speech (ADS).
- Frequency (1): Infents prefer common words (e.g. names) rather than less commonly used ones.
- Frequency (2): Familiarity of words (e.g. names) helps infants break down speech into words.
- Frequency (3): Some linguistic categories (e.g. articles) are highly frequent. Babies can segment words more accurately when these frequently occurring words are used.
Finding the Patterns
- There are frequently-used words like articles that preceed nouns (e.g., an apple, the dog).
- Word order like this differs between languages (e.g. Japanese).
- Infants are sensitive to this pattern beginning at 8 months of age.
- Children learn word order to better understand syntax.
Early Word Knowledge: Comprehension
- Comprehension of words happens before production.
- Two-year-olds understand more words than they can produce.
- Infants can understand words as early as 6 months (nouns), and later for verbs
- As early as 18-24 months, infants can more accurately understand what they hear
Early Word Knowledge: Production
- Children initially produce mostly nouns.
- By 24 months, children often produce about 500 words in total.
Early Noun Bias
- Children use nouns more frequently than other parts of speech in their early vocabulary.
- This is consistent across languages.
Early Word Knowledge: Production Errors
- Children's overextension of words to similar items is an example of how understanding words differs between children and adults.
Early Socialisation
- Two main stages of early social skills: primary and secondary intersubjectivity.
- Primary intersubjectivity: Primarily focused on eye contact and face-to-face interactions during the first months, which involve imitation of sounds and facial expressions.
- Secondary intersubjectivity: Focused on joint attention, where infants and caregivers share attention towards objects and each other.
- Imitate social behaviors from birth such as imitating facial expressions
- Preference for faces is present from birth
- By 6 months infants follow the gaze of others to objects.
- This type of learning can be observed until children are 18 months old.
Early Socialization: Secondary Intersubjectivity
- Older infants (from around 9 months): more sophisticated, pointing, turn-taking, joint attention.
- Infants and caregivers share an experience, which involves the caregiver and infant interacting together.
Language Acquisition: Modes
- Turn-taking: Infants and caregivers alternate turns in vocalizations.
- Joint Attention: Sharing a focus of attention to each other or an object.
The Social-Pragmatic Approach
- Children learn words from pragmatic cues in their environment.
- Word learning is influenced by social routines and contexts.
- Children use their social-cognitive skills, like joint attention, to understand the intent of those they are communicating with.
- Sensitive to social exclusion and show affiliative behaviour
- Children are imitative
- Children take into account 'what the adult wants' before they have determined the correct object
- Children's imitation of others' actions is selective
Lecture 4: Early Multi-Word Speech; Constructivist Approaches
- Syntax: The way words are combined within a language.
- Productivity of language: Allows the production of infinite sentences from a finite vocabulary.
- Role of routines: Routines help children predict what happens next and what words/sentences might refer to.
- Repetitive language: Chunking of sentences/phrases to help infants learn language in context.
Lecture 5: Early Multi-Word Speech; Nativist Approaches
- Innate grammar (Universal Grammar): Children are born with prelinguistic mechanisms specific to language that allow them to learn.
- Principles and Parameters: Provides a consistent framework for understanding underlying language structure across languages.
- Maturational Aspects: Child's brain develops over time, with different aspects/parts “switching” on at specific stages.
Lecture 7: Self-Awareness and Affiliation
- Levels of self-awareness: 5 stages in the development of self-awareness.
- Levels 1: Differentiation- infant is aware of its own body compared to others.
- Levels 2: Situation- The infant is aware of their actions in relation to others and objects in the environment.
- Levels 3: Identification- infants recognize themselves in a mirror.
- Levels 4: Permanence- Infants perceive oneself as a continuous entity over time
- Levels 5: Meta-Awareness- Can recognize themselves in a mirror, and perceive perspectives of others' as distinct.
Lecture 9: Morality
- Social norms: Rules of conduct that are shared within a society.
- Moral norms: Rules relating to the well being of others, typically develop around 2nd year of life
- Conventional norms: Rules that aren't directly linked to others well being; often context specific.
- Moral reasoning: The ability to understand moral issues and apply moral rules.
Lecture 10: Theory of Mind
- Theory of mind; the understanding that other people have goals, beliefs, intentions and desires, that people act in accordance with those factors, and that those mental/internal states are not immediately observable.
Week 9: Morality- continued
- Children are more thoughtful of others' needs at age 3–5, especially those in their group
- Children can determine expectations, obligations, and behaviours related to moral or conventional violations or situations.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts of the social-pragmatic approach to language learning, focusing on constraints, joint attention, and the role of social contexts. Participants will assess their understanding of how children acquire language through social interactions and cognitive skills. Test your knowledge!