Social-Pragmatic Approach to Language Learning
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What are the two main constraints on word learning according to the social-pragmatic approach?

  • Parental guidance and peer interactions
  • The child's social world structure and their social-cognitive skills (correct)
  • The linguistic structure of sentences and child intelligence
  • Visual aids and auditory stimuli
  • What role does joint attention play in the social-pragmatic approach to language learning?

  • It discourages the use of gestures.
  • It helps children ignore adults' intentions.
  • It increases vocabulary without context.
  • It enables children to interpret communicative intent effectively. (correct)
  • Which statement best describes how children learn language in familiar social contexts?

  • Children acquire language primarily through repeated cultural routines. (correct)
  • Children's language learning is solely dependent on formal education.
  • Children learn through random interactions.
  • Children memorize words without context.
  • How do social-cognitive skills assist in word learning?

    <p>They facilitate identifying referents through observation of adult cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the social-pragmatic approach to language learning proposed by Tomasello?

    <p>The significance of pragmatic cues in reducing ambiguity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically start using their first words?

    <p>12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of English-speaking children's first 50 words are typically nouns?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of words are commonly characterized by the early noun bias?

    <p>Nouns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which error involves using a word in a broader context than its actual meaning?

    <p>Overextension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the natural partitions hypothesis suggest about early nouns?

    <p>They denote easily identifiable concrete objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes under-extension in early word use?

    <p>Using the word only in a limited context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age do children generally stop making frequent overextension errors?

    <p>2.5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not considered a category of early words?

    <p>Adverbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of function words in language syntax?

    <p>They tend to appear before nouns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does word order in Japanese differ from English?

    <p>Articles follow the nouns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to show sensitivity to word order rules in their language?

    <p>8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Italian 8-month-olds?

    <p>They prefer ABB patterns over ABA patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of patterns can 6-month-olds learn, according to recent research?

    <p>Abstract rules with linguistic stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sentences is grammatically incorrect?

    <p>The red car.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants begin cracking the complexities of language?

    <p>Through identifying sounds and patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language learning is emphasized for infants in the content?

    <p>The rapid strides in language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language refers to the patterns of stress and intonation?

    <p>Prosody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding early phonological development?

    <p>Infants show a preference for their own mother's voice within days after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the small units of sound in language that can distinguish meaning?

    <p>Phonemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can infants discriminately distinguish between all sounds, including foreign ones?

    <p>1-2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best explains why infants prefer their native language over foreign languages?

    <p>Native language sounds are more familiar and soothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental trend occurs between 7-11 months regarding phoneme discrimination?

    <p>Increase in ability to distinguish target language sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination represents correct syntax in English?

    <p>The man bites a dog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurs in phonemic perception from infancy to adulthood?

    <p>Adults lose the ability to discriminate sounds not in their native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nativist approaches emphasize regarding children's early multiword utterances?

    <p>They are similar to adult language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of continuity accounts in language development?

    <p>Grammatical rules are present from birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do children primarily use content words in their utterances?

    <p>Lexical Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components of grammar are activated during the Functional Stage of development?

    <p>Auxiliary verbs and inflections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do theorists claim about the development of language in children with different experiences?

    <p>They exhibit a similar trajectory despite differing experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do researchers face concerning the maturation model of language development?

    <p>Determining precise points when grammatical components activate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of utterance is characterized by more complex grammatical components?

    <p>Functional utterance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant theoretical advantage of the maturational model?

    <p>It allows for language development over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates children to imitate others selectively?

    <p>To learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children respond when they witness ostracism?

    <p>They engage in more affiliative behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children begin to exhibit basic self-awareness?

    <p>18-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of reputation management, whom do children care more about being observed by?

    <p>Ingroup members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children demonstrate loyalty to their groups?

    <p>By keeping group secrets even when bribed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of children's development highlighted by the importance of play?

    <p>Facilitating empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do children develop more sophisticated self-awareness through meta-representation?

    <p>4-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been recognized as a right of every child by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?

    <p>Play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of semantic bootstrapping in language acquisition?

    <p>Children utilize innate meaning to connect words to grammatical categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linking problem in children's language development?

    <p>Children must correlate their innate grammatical knowledge with the spoken language they hear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach claims that changes in children's language development are due to biological maturation?

    <p>Universal Grammar approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to use many functional words related to lexical frames?

    <p>24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes innate linking rules in children's language learning?

    <p>Rules that facilitate mapping semantic meaning to syntactic categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the shift in children's understanding of belief as they develop?

    <p>Belief equates to an internal representation of reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could lead to an underestimation of young children's capabilities in false belief tasks?

    <p>Limited verbal abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibitory control is relevant in false belief tasks because it involves suppressing what?

    <p>Knowledge about reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improvement is observed in children's performance when Maxi's chocolate is destroyed rather than moved?

    <p>They grasp the situation accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of the competence model regarding children's false belief understanding?

    <p>It critiques the complexity of traditional tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age is significant for infants to start considering others' beliefs during goal-directed actions?

    <p>18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might children under the age of 5 demonstrate through deceptive strategies in a hide-and-seek game?

    <p>Ability to manipulate perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What wording in false belief task questions may confuse children and affect their responses?

    <p>Where does Maxi expect to find his chocolate?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language does prosody refer to?

    <p>The pattern of stress and intonation in language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can infants discriminate between all sounds, including those from foreign languages?

    <p>1-2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of maturation on phoneme discrimination in infants?

    <p>Systematic decline in ability to distinguish nontarget language sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phonemes do in a language?

    <p>Distinguish words through perceptually distinct sound units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preference do newborns exhibit regarding language?

    <p>Preference for their own mother's voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the sounds used in languages?

    <p>Languages differ in the sounds they utilize as phonemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of the infants’ early exposure to different prosodic patterns?

    <p>Discrimination of different languages with distinct stress patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to infants’ sound discrimination abilities as they grow older?

    <p>They lose the ability to hear sounds outside their target language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of functional play involves children discovering how objects work?

    <p>Playing to resolve uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves children building things?

    <p>Construction play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pedagogical demonstration influence children’s exploration with toys?

    <p>It leads them to explore less after seeing the demonstration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition resulted in children exploring the magnetic feature of a toy more according to Butler & Markman's research?

    <p>Accidental condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates children to engage in pretend or symbolic play?

    <p>Desire to act out real-life scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of play that indicates it is not driven by external rewards?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can adult pedagogy negatively influence a child's play?

    <p>By providing too much guidance and limiting exploration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play involves children substituting imaginary scenarios for real-life ones?

    <p>Symbolic play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children begin to actively intervene in norm violations they witness?

    <p>3 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is commonly observed in 2- and 3-year-olds when their own property rights are at stake?

    <p>Standing up for their rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do 3-year-olds generally react in a scenario where they witness conflicting normative behaviors?

    <p>They take longer to agree on a rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor differentiates the normative enforcement behavior of 5- to 8-year-old children across different societies?

    <p>The style of enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of normative understanding becomes more flexible in children as they grow older?

    <p>Awareness of social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study on norm enforcement, how did 5-year-olds compare to 3-year-olds in resolving normative conflicts?

    <p>5-year-olds solved conflicts faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to happen when children witness a peer breaking a conventional norm in a game?

    <p>They enforce the norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference observed between imperative protest and normative protest in children’s responses?

    <p>Normative protest expresses reasons why a norm should be followed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children begin to extend novel nouns from examples shown to them?

    <p>14 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response of children when shown a purple horse and a purple plate and asked to give a 'blickish' one?

    <p>They randomly chose between the two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do children fail to extend when they are taught new adjectives, as shown in studies?

    <p>The category of the noun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of verb understanding, which of the following statements is accurate based on the studies referenced?

    <p>Children use sentence structure to infer verb meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication that children do not fully grasp the use of adjectives by 14-18 months?

    <p>They respond randomly when asked about adjectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about children's sensitivity to sentence structure based on recent studies?

    <p>Children's sensitivity evolves and improves over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key component about word categories do children seem to need to grasp sentence structure effectively?

    <p>Understanding of word functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding children's understanding of structural cues for words as they develop?

    <p>Only noun cues develop early in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language Basics

    • Language is generative, comprised of small units combined (phonology).
    • Language conveys meaning (semantics).
    • Languages have rules about how words go together (syntax).
    • Examples of subject-verb-object in English include "A bites the dog man," "The dog bites a man," and "The man bites a dog."
    • Language is social.

    Infant Designs

    • Preference studies: Without training, infants prefer certain sounds or sights.
    • Habituation/familiarization studies: Infants are trained to respond to specific stimuli, and their preferences are measured.
    • Change detection studies: Infants are trained to detect changes in stimuli, to see if they can tell the difference.

    Prosody

    • Prosody describes stress and intonation patterns in language.
    • Different languages have different prosodic patterns.

    Phonemes

    • Phonemes are the distinct units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a language.
    • Examples include 'p', 'b', 'd', and 't'.
    • Languages vary in the phonemes they use.

    Early Phonological Development

    • The fetal auditory system is fully functional during the last trimester.
    • Newborns have preferences for their mother's voice.
    • Newborns can discriminate between languages with different prosody (e.g. German/Spanish) but may not differentiate ones with similar prosody (e.g. English and Dutch).
    • Newborns tend to prefer their native language over foreign languages.
    • Babies cry with an "accent" (their native language).

    Finding the Words

    • Prosody (1): Infant-directed speech (IDS) has higher pitch and slower speaking speed.
    • Prosody (2): Children understand IDS better than adult directed speech (ADS).
    • Frequency (1): Infents prefer common words (e.g. names) rather than less commonly used ones.
    • Frequency (2): Familiarity of words (e.g. names) helps infants break down speech into words.
    • Frequency (3): Some linguistic categories (e.g. articles) are highly frequent. Babies can segment words more accurately when these frequently occurring words are used.

    Finding the Patterns

    • There are frequently-used words like articles that preceed nouns (e.g., an apple, the dog).
    • Word order like this differs between languages (e.g. Japanese).
    • Infants are sensitive to this pattern beginning at 8 months of age.
    • Children learn word order to better understand syntax.

    Early Word Knowledge: Comprehension

    • Comprehension of words happens before production.
    • Two-year-olds understand more words than they can produce.
    • Infants can understand words as early as 6 months (nouns), and later for verbs
    • As early as 18-24 months, infants can more accurately understand what they hear

    Early Word Knowledge: Production

    • Children initially produce mostly nouns.
    • By 24 months, children often produce about 500 words in total.

    Early Noun Bias

    • Children use nouns more frequently than other parts of speech in their early vocabulary.
    • This is consistent across languages.

    Early Word Knowledge: Production Errors

    • Children's overextension of words to similar items is an example of how understanding words differs between children and adults.

    Early Socialisation

    • Two main stages of early social skills: primary and secondary intersubjectivity.
    • Primary intersubjectivity: Primarily focused on eye contact and face-to-face interactions during the first months, which involve imitation of sounds and facial expressions.
    • Secondary intersubjectivity: Focused on joint attention, where infants and caregivers share attention towards objects and each other.
    • Imitate social behaviors from birth such as imitating facial expressions
    • Preference for faces is present from birth
    • By 6 months infants follow the gaze of others to objects.
    • This type of learning can be observed until children are 18 months old.

    Early Socialization: Secondary Intersubjectivity

    • Older infants (from around 9 months): more sophisticated, pointing, turn-taking, joint attention.
    • Infants and caregivers share an experience, which involves the caregiver and infant interacting together.

    Language Acquisition: Modes

    • Turn-taking: Infants and caregivers alternate turns in vocalizations.
    • Joint Attention: Sharing a focus of attention to each other or an object.

    The Social-Pragmatic Approach

    • Children learn words from pragmatic cues in their environment.
    • Word learning is influenced by social routines and contexts.
    • Children use their social-cognitive skills, like joint attention, to understand the intent of those they are communicating with.
    • Sensitive to social exclusion and show affiliative behaviour
    • Children are imitative
    • Children take into account 'what the adult wants' before they have determined the correct object
    • Children's imitation of others' actions is selective

    Lecture 4: Early Multi-Word Speech; Constructivist Approaches

    • Syntax: The way words are combined within a language.
    • Productivity of language: Allows the production of infinite sentences from a finite vocabulary.
    • Role of routines: Routines help children predict what happens next and what words/sentences might refer to.
    • Repetitive language: Chunking of sentences/phrases to help infants learn language in context.

    Lecture 5: Early Multi-Word Speech; Nativist Approaches

    • Innate grammar (Universal Grammar): Children are born with prelinguistic mechanisms specific to language that allow them to learn.
    • Principles and Parameters: Provides a consistent framework for understanding underlying language structure across languages.
    • Maturational Aspects: Child's brain develops over time, with different aspects/parts “switching” on at specific stages.

    Lecture 7: Self-Awareness and Affiliation

    • Levels of self-awareness: 5 stages in the development of self-awareness.
    • Levels 1: Differentiation- infant is aware of its own body compared to others.
    • Levels 2: Situation- The infant is aware of their actions in relation to others and objects in the environment.
    • Levels 3: Identification- infants recognize themselves in a mirror.
    • Levels 4: Permanence- Infants perceive oneself as a continuous entity over time
    • Levels 5: Meta-Awareness- Can recognize themselves in a mirror, and perceive perspectives of others' as distinct.

    Lecture 9: Morality

    • Social norms: Rules of conduct that are shared within a society.
    • Moral norms: Rules relating to the well being of others, typically develop around 2nd year of life
    • Conventional norms: Rules that aren't directly linked to others well being; often context specific.
    • Moral reasoning: The ability to understand moral issues and apply moral rules.

    Lecture 10: Theory of Mind

    • Theory of mind; the understanding that other people have goals, beliefs, intentions and desires, that people act in accordance with those factors, and that those mental/internal states are not immediately observable.

    Week 9: Morality- continued

    • Children are more thoughtful of others' needs at age 3–5, especially those in their group
    • Children can determine expectations, obligations, and behaviours related to moral or conventional violations or situations.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts of the social-pragmatic approach to language learning, focusing on constraints, joint attention, and the role of social contexts. Participants will assess their understanding of how children acquire language through social interactions and cognitive skills. Test your knowledge!

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