Social Movements and Collective Action

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Questions and Answers

Match the type of social movement to its corresponding aim and target.

Alternative social movement = Aim for limited societal change, target narrow group of people. Redemptive social movement = Aim for more radical change, target specific groups. Reformative social movement = Aim for limited social change, across entire society. Revolutionary social movement = Aim for radical reorganization of society.

What does the 'value added theory' refer to?

Planned collective action, social movements increase in value in a series of progressive stages to achieve a successful outcome.

What is the central idea behind the 'Emergent Norm theory'?

New behavioral norms emerge in crowds in response to a precipitating crisis, leading to collective action.

The 'Contagion theory' suggests that collective action arises from people's tendency to conform to others in close contact.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Convergence theory', what drives collective action?

People with similar ideas and tendencies gathering in the same place. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of crowd collective action?

Protest rally Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes mass collective action?

Individuals united, despite not being physically together Signup and view all the answers

What is 'collective action'?

Action that takes place in groups and deviates from the social norms of a particular situation. Signup and view all the answers

Which model of disability views society as the primary source of disability?

Social model of disability Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'biomedical model' of disability focus on?

Locating disability within the individual, viewing impairment as the disability. Signup and view all the answers

The 'Lack of 'Sense of Coherence'' relates to a feeling that life is comprehensible, predictable, and meaningful.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of Putnam's 'social capital theory'?

Decrease in bridging social capital and increase in bonding social capital Signup and view all the answers

Define 'social capital'.

Collective benefits arising from cooperative attitudes and practices rooted in trust, reciprocity, and mutual aid. It's a subset of social cohesion. Signup and view all the answers

List three indicators of 'social capital trends'.

Having 3 or more close friends, doing someone a favour within the last month, and having ethnic diversity within one's friend group. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'social exclusion'?

The process of excluding members of a group from normal interactions and sharing of benefits. Signup and view all the answers

Describe some characteristics of post-2000 immigration in Canada.

Increased racialization, linguistic minorities, religious diversity, and heightened social inequalities. Signup and view all the answers

How does social cohesion relate to health?

People socially dislocated may adopt unhealthy behaviors such as overuse of alcohol and drugs, unhealthy eating habits, and seeking power as ways to cope with alienation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the impacts of stress on health?

Chronic high levels of cortisol in the brain are associated with depression, hypertension, and weakened immune function. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors are considered 'Social Determinants of Health'?

Stress, lack of social cohesion, lack of social capital, lack of sense of coherence, and the social model of disability Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Cultural support theory' of deviance?

Cultural beliefs create and sustain deviant behavior (e.g., underage drinking). Signup and view all the answers

What is 'status degradation'?

Rituals where a deviant status is conferred, such as a courtroom trial. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stigma is clearly known or visible, such as a physical disability?

Discredited Stigma Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stigma can be concealed or unknown, such as a mental illness?

Discreditable Stigma Signup and view all the answers

Describe the core premise of 'labelling theory' in relation to deviance.

A deviance label may amplify deviance. Individuals are labeled as deviant by those in power who construct the label. Deviance labels are often stigmatized and may become a master status. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'primary deviance'?

The initial act of deviance, which doesn't necessarily impact one's identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'secondary deviance'?

Deviant identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of 'Contemporary Critical Theory'?

Power is always operating upon us, encompassing surveillance and self-surveillance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea of 'Conflict Theory' in relation to deviance?

Those in power define what is deviant and have the means to enforce measures of social control. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Marx's perspective on workers in relation to deviance.

Workers and unemployed individuals may lack commitment to the existing social order due to its exploitative nature. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alternative social movements aim for limited change, affecting a small segment of society.
Redemptive social movements target specific groups, advocating for more radical transformation.
Reformative social movements seek restricted change across the entire society.
Revolutionary social movements strive for a complete reshaping of society.
Value-added theory posits that planned collective action progresses through stages toward successful outcomes.
Emergent norm theory highlights how new behavioral norms arising from crises drive collective action.
Contagion theory emphasizes the role of conformity to others' behavior in collective action.
Convergence theory suggests that collective action occurs when people with similar views gather.
Crowd collective action involves physical presence among group members.
Mass collective action occurs when groups act together without physical proximity.
Collective action involves group action departing from established norms.

Disability Models

The social model of disability emphasizes the role of environment (attitudes, barriers) in disability, highlighting society as the disabling force.
The biomedical model attributes disability solely to individual impairments.

Putnam's social capital theory links declining social engagement (bridging social capital) to rising insular groups (bonding social capital) and reduced political participation.
Social capital encompasses collective benefits from cooperative attitudes and practices grounded in trust and mutual aid.
Social capital trends include close friendships, reciprocal favors, and ethnic diversity within social circles.
Social exclusion involves the deliberate marginalization of group members from social interactions and benefits.
Post-2000 immigration has brought increased racial and linguistic diversity, religious divides, and growing social inequalities.
Social cohesion and health are intertwined; social isolation can drive unhealthy coping mechanisms.

Stress and Health

Chronic stress, reflected in high cortisol levels, is linked to depression, high blood pressure, and weakened immunity.
Social determinants of health include stress, social cohesion issues, social capital factors, a lack of coherence, and the social model of disability.

Deviance and Crime

Cultural support theory suggests that cultural beliefs can create and sustain deviant behavior.
Status degradation involves formal rituals (like a court trial) that assign a deviant label.
Discredited stigma involves visible characteristics (physical disability) that clearly mark someone as deviant.
Discreditable stigma involves concealable traits (mental illness), leading to a more varied experience.
Labeling theory emphasizes how labels lead to deviance amplification and how labeling stigmatises individuals, potentially impacting their master status.
Primary deviance refers to an initial act of deviance without significant impact on identity.
Secondary deviance involves the adoption of a deviant identity.
Contemporary critical theory examines pervasive power dynamics, including surveillance and self-surveillance.
Conflict theory points out that powerful groups define deviance and enforce social control.
Marx's view highlights worker disaffection from the exploitative nature of social order.
Broken windows theory links disorder with increased crime, best explaining property crimes, and normalizing deviance.
General theory of crime attributes deviance and criminality to low self-control.
Personality traits associated with low self-control include self-centeredness, impulsivity, risk-taking, and insensitivity.
Hirschi's causes of delinquency emphasize weak parental bonds, conformity, involvement, and values.
Merton's strain theory links deviance to a mismatch between culturally defined goals and legitimate means of achieving those goals.
Structural functionalism views crime and deviance as stemming from anomie (normlessness) during rapid social change.
Homicide in Canada shows demographic patterns: men are more frequently involved, victims and killers often know each other, and drug use often plays a role.
Four general purposes of prison are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation.
Criminality demographics show male-dominance, a peak in youth crime, racial disparities (particularly Indigenous), and a positive correlation between inequality and crime.
Factors linked to crime decline include aging populations, increased surveillance, societal shifts, and environmental improvements.
Two essential elements of crime are the act itself and criminal intent.
Crime types include violent, property, and victimless crimes.

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Description

This quiz explores various types of social movements, including alternative, reformative, and revolutionary movements. It also covers theories of collective action such as value-added theory and contagion theory, offering a comprehensive understanding of how groups mobilize for change. Test your knowledge on the dynamics of collective behavior and societal transformations.