Social Movements and Collective Action
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Questions and Answers

Match the type of social movement to its corresponding aim and target.

Alternative social movement = Aim for limited societal change, target narrow group of people. Redemptive social movement = Aim for more radical change, target specific groups. Reformative social movement = Aim for limited social change, across entire society. Revolutionary social movement = Aim for radical reorganization of society.

What does the 'value added theory' refer to?

Planned collective action, social movements increase in value in a series of progressive stages to achieve a successful outcome.

What is the central idea behind the 'Emergent Norm theory'?

New behavioral norms emerge in crowds in response to a precipitating crisis, leading to collective action.

The 'Contagion theory' suggests that collective action arises from people's tendency to conform to others in close contact.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Convergence theory', what drives collective action?

<p>People with similar ideas and tendencies gathering in the same place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of crowd collective action?

<p>Protest rally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes mass collective action?

<p>Individuals united, despite not being physically together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'collective action'?

<p>Action that takes place in groups and deviates from the social norms of a particular situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of disability views society as the primary source of disability?

<p>Social model of disability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'biomedical model' of disability focus on?

<p>Locating disability within the individual, viewing impairment as the disability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Lack of 'Sense of Coherence'' relates to a feeling that life is comprehensible, predictable, and meaningful.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of Putnam's 'social capital theory'?

<p>Decrease in bridging social capital and increase in bonding social capital (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'social capital'.

<p>Collective benefits arising from cooperative attitudes and practices rooted in trust, reciprocity, and mutual aid. It's a subset of social cohesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three indicators of 'social capital trends'.

<p>Having 3 or more close friends, doing someone a favour within the last month, and having ethnic diversity within one's friend group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'social exclusion'?

<p>The process of excluding members of a group from normal interactions and sharing of benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe some characteristics of post-2000 immigration in Canada.

<p>Increased racialization, linguistic minorities, religious diversity, and heightened social inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social cohesion relate to health?

<p>People socially dislocated may adopt unhealthy behaviors such as overuse of alcohol and drugs, unhealthy eating habits, and seeking power as ways to cope with alienation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the impacts of stress on health?

<p>Chronic high levels of cortisol in the brain are associated with depression, hypertension, and weakened immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors are considered 'Social Determinants of Health'?

<p>Stress, lack of social cohesion, lack of social capital, lack of sense of coherence, and the social model of disability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Cultural support theory' of deviance?

<p>Cultural beliefs create and sustain deviant behavior (e.g., underage drinking).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'status degradation'?

<p>Rituals where a deviant status is conferred, such as a courtroom trial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stigma is clearly known or visible, such as a physical disability?

<p>Discredited Stigma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stigma can be concealed or unknown, such as a mental illness?

<p>Discreditable Stigma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the core premise of 'labelling theory' in relation to deviance.

<p>A deviance label may amplify deviance. Individuals are labeled as deviant by those in power who construct the label. Deviance labels are often stigmatized and may become a master status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'primary deviance'?

<p>The initial act of deviance, which doesn't necessarily impact one's identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'secondary deviance'?

<p>Deviant identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of 'Contemporary Critical Theory'?

<p>Power is always operating upon us, encompassing surveillance and self-surveillance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea of 'Conflict Theory' in relation to deviance?

<p>Those in power define what is deviant and have the means to enforce measures of social control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Marx's perspective on workers in relation to deviance.

<p>Workers and unemployed individuals may lack commitment to the existing social order due to its exploitative nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alternative Social Movement

Aims for limited change within a specific group.

Redemptive Social Movement

Aims for radical change within a specific group.

Reformative Social Movement

Aims for limited change across society.

Revolutionary Social Movement

Aims for a complete reorganisation of society.

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Value Added Theory

Explains how social movements gain momentum through a series of stages.

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Emergent Norm Theory

Explains how new norms emerge during a crisis.

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Contagion Theory

Collective action arises from people imitating each other.

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Convergence Theory

People with similar views gather together, leading to collective action.

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Crowd Collective Action

People act collectively in a face-to-face setting.

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Mass Collective Action

People united through shared action, even if they are not physically together.

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Collective Action

Group behaviour that deviates from social norms.

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Social Model of Disability

Focuses on how society creates barriers for disabled people.

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Biomedical Model of Disability

Views disability as a medical problem within the individual.

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Lack of 'Sense of Coherence'

Feeling a lack of control, meaning, and resources in life.

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Putnam's Social Capital Theory

Declining social capital weakens democracy and political participation.

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Social Capital

Benefits from cooperative attitudes and practices based on trust.

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Social Capital Trends

Indicators of strong social connections and diversity.

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Social Exclusion

Being excluded from normal interactions and benefits.

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Post 2000 Immigration

Characterised by increased diversity and inequalities.

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Social Cohesion and Health

Strong social connections promote better physical and mental health.

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Impacts of Stress on Health

Chronic stress can lead to physical and mental health issues.

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Social Determinants of Health

Social factors that influence health outcomes.

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Cultural Support Theory

Deviance is learned through cultural beliefs and social interactions.

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Status Degradation

Rituals that label someone as deviant.

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Discredited Stigma

Clearly visible or known deviation from social norms.

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Discreditable Stigma

Not publicly known or concealable deviation.

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Labelling Theory

Being labelled as deviant can lead to further deviance.

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Primary Deviance

Initial act of deviance without significant impact on identity.

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Secondary Deviance

Deviant behaviour becomes part of one's identity.

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Contemporary Critical Theory

Power structures are constantly influencing individuals.

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Conflict Theory

Those in power define deviance to maintain their power.

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Marx's View on Workers

Workers lack commitment to the exploitative capitalist system.

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Broken Window Theory

Visible signs of disorder can encourage crime.

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General Theory of Crime

Low self-control is the root cause of criminal activity.

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Personality Traits of Low Self Control

Characteristics associated with impulsive and insensitive behaviour.

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Hirschi Causes of Delinquency

Factors influencing criminal behavior.

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Types of Deviance

Different categories of deviant behavior.

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Strain Theory (Merton)

Deviance arises from the inability to achieve societal goals through legitimate means.

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Structural Functionalism

Deviance is a result of societal instability and weak norms.

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Homicide in Canada

Patterns and trends in homicide.

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4 General Purposes of Prison

The justifications for imprisonment.

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Criminality Demographics

Characteristics of criminal offenders.

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Explanation for Decline in Criminal Activity

Possible reasons for the decrease in crime rates.

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Two Elements of Crime

The act and the intent necessary for a crime.

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Types of Crime

Categories of criminal offenses.

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Study Notes

Social Movements and Collective Action

  • Alternative social movements aim for limited change, affecting a small segment of society.
  • Redemptive social movements target specific groups, advocating for more radical transformation.
  • Reformative social movements seek restricted change across the entire society.
  • Revolutionary social movements strive for a complete reshaping of society.
  • Value-added theory posits that planned collective action progresses through stages toward successful outcomes.
  • Emergent norm theory highlights how new behavioral norms arising from crises drive collective action.
  • Contagion theory emphasizes the role of conformity to others' behavior in collective action.
  • Convergence theory suggests that collective action occurs when people with similar views gather.
  • Crowd collective action involves physical presence among group members.
  • Mass collective action occurs when groups act together without physical proximity.
  • Collective action involves group action departing from established norms.

Disability Models

  • The social model of disability emphasizes the role of environment (attitudes, barriers) in disability, highlighting society as the disabling force.
  • The biomedical model attributes disability solely to individual impairments.

Social Capital and Cohesion

  • Putnam's social capital theory links declining social engagement (bridging social capital) to rising insular groups (bonding social capital) and reduced political participation.
  • Social capital encompasses collective benefits from cooperative attitudes and practices grounded in trust and mutual aid.
  • Social capital trends include close friendships, reciprocal favors, and ethnic diversity within social circles.
  • Social exclusion involves the deliberate marginalization of group members from social interactions and benefits.
  • Post-2000 immigration has brought increased racial and linguistic diversity, religious divides, and growing social inequalities.
  • Social cohesion and health are intertwined; social isolation can drive unhealthy coping mechanisms.

Stress and Health

  • Chronic stress, reflected in high cortisol levels, is linked to depression, high blood pressure, and weakened immunity.
  • Social determinants of health include stress, social cohesion issues, social capital factors, a lack of coherence, and the social model of disability.

Deviance and Crime

  • Cultural support theory suggests that cultural beliefs can create and sustain deviant behavior.
  • Status degradation involves formal rituals (like a court trial) that assign a deviant label.
  • Discredited stigma involves visible characteristics (physical disability) that clearly mark someone as deviant.
  • Discreditable stigma involves concealable traits (mental illness), leading to a more varied experience.
  • Labeling theory emphasizes how labels lead to deviance amplification and how labeling stigmatises individuals, potentially impacting their master status.
  • Primary deviance refers to an initial act of deviance without significant impact on identity.
  • Secondary deviance involves the adoption of a deviant identity.
  • Contemporary critical theory examines pervasive power dynamics, including surveillance and self-surveillance.
  • Conflict theory points out that powerful groups define deviance and enforce social control.
  • Marx's view highlights worker disaffection from the exploitative nature of social order.
  • Broken windows theory links disorder with increased crime, best explaining property crimes, and normalizing deviance.
  • General theory of crime attributes deviance and criminality to low self-control.
  • Personality traits associated with low self-control include self-centeredness, impulsivity, risk-taking, and insensitivity.
  • Hirschi's causes of delinquency emphasize weak parental bonds, conformity, involvement, and values.
  • Merton's strain theory links deviance to a mismatch between culturally defined goals and legitimate means of achieving those goals.
  • Structural functionalism views crime and deviance as stemming from anomie (normlessness) during rapid social change.
  • Homicide in Canada shows demographic patterns: men are more frequently involved, victims and killers often know each other, and drug use often plays a role.
  • Four general purposes of prison are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation.
  • Criminality demographics show male-dominance, a peak in youth crime, racial disparities (particularly Indigenous), and a positive correlation between inequality and crime.
  • Factors linked to crime decline include aging populations, increased surveillance, societal shifts, and environmental improvements.
  • Two essential elements of crime are the act itself and criminal intent.
  • Crime types include violent, property, and victimless crimes.

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Description

This quiz explores various types of social movements, including alternative, reformative, and revolutionary movements. It also covers theories of collective action such as value-added theory and contagion theory, offering a comprehensive understanding of how groups mobilize for change. Test your knowledge on the dynamics of collective behavior and societal transformations.

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