10 Questions
What type of conditioning did Ivan Pavlov pioneer with his famous dog experiments?
Classical conditioning
What is the unconditioned response (UCR) in classical conditioning?
Dogs salivating to food
What does the conditioned stimulus (CS) refer to in classical conditioning?
The bell ringing
Which element of classical conditioning refers to the response to the conditioned stimulus?
Conditioned response
Who famously stated, 'Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in...'
John Watson
'Food' as used in classical conditioning experiments involving dogs is an example of:
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
'Bell' in Pavlov's dog experiments would be classified as which type of stimulus?
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Which element refers to the natural response prior to any conditioning taking place in classical conditioning?
Unconditioned response (UCR)
What was the response triggered by the bell ringing in Pavlov's dog experiments?
Dogs salivating when the bell rings
In classical conditioning, what does the term 'conditioning' specifically refer to?
Transitioning from neutral to conditioned stimuli
Study Notes
Social Learning Theory
- Social Learning Theory builds upon behaviorism, focusing on humans, including social aspects of learning, internal motivation, and thought, and allowing humans to choose their environments.
- Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes efficacy expectations, which is the belief that you can perform a behavior, influenced by self-efficacy.
- High self-efficacy promotes engagement in behavior, longer persistence, and better preparation.
Observational Learning
- Observational learning involves learning from others' behaviors through observation, hearing about, or reading about them.
- Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual is rewarded or punished for observed behavior.
Behaviorism vs. Social Learning Theory
- Behaviorism focuses on external, observable behaviors or responses, and stimulus-response.
- Social Learning Theory emphasizes cognition, observational learning, and modeling.
- Both acknowledge the role of the environment in shaping behavior.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning is based on Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect, where organisms continue a behavior that has a desired effect.
- Skinner distinguished between respondent (classical) conditioning and operant conditioning, where the animal "operates" on its environment to change the result.
Operant Conditioning Concepts
- Reinforcer: increases the likelihood of future behavior, through positive reinforcement (behavior has a positive outcome) or negative reinforcement (behavior removes/stops a negative outcome).
- Punishment: behavior produces a negative outcome, likely to be performed less often.
Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning explains changes in how one acts on the world, focusing on responses to behavior.
- Classical Conditioning explains changes in reactions to the world, focusing on associations between stimuli.
Critiques of Behaviorism
- Behaviorism ignores motivation, thought, and cognition, relying heavily on animal research, with questionable applicability to humans.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical Conditioning was pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, studying digestion in dogs, and demonstrating that dogs salivate before food presentation.
- Elements of Classical Conditioning include:
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): natural response to a stimulus.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UC): produces an UCR without conditioning.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an object that typically wouldn't produce an UCR without conditioning.
- Conditioned Response (CR): response to the CS, similar to the UCR.
Explore the components of Bandura's Social Learning Theory, which focuses on the social aspects of learning and includes internal motivation and thought. Understand how individuals actively choose their environments in the process of learning.
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