Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which process involves the ability to mentally or physically reproduce an observed behavior?
Which process involves the ability to mentally or physically reproduce an observed behavior?
- Reproduction (correct)
- Attention
- Motivation
- Retention
What does motivation influence in the learning process?
What does motivation influence in the learning process?
- The decision to reproduce the behavior (correct)
- The initial attention given to the behavior
- The retention of information
- The encoding of information
Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes essential for learning from observation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes essential for learning from observation?
- Attention
- Retainment (correct)
- Reproduction
- Motivation
According to Neutralization Theory, what is the purpose of techniques of neutralization?
According to Neutralization Theory, what is the purpose of techniques of neutralization?
What technique of neutralization involves shifting blame from oneself to external factors?
What technique of neutralization involves shifting blame from oneself to external factors?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation?
How do individuals using techniques of neutralization view societal values after committing a crime?
How do individuals using techniques of neutralization view societal values after committing a crime?
In the process of learning through observation, what must occur first for the other processes to take place?
In the process of learning through observation, what must occur first for the other processes to take place?
What key factor in Differential Association Theory relates to how often one is exposed to criminal attitudes?
What key factor in Differential Association Theory relates to how often one is exposed to criminal attitudes?
In the context of Differential Reinforcement Theory, what does positive reinforcement mean?
In the context of Differential Reinforcement Theory, what does positive reinforcement mean?
Which of the following factors is NOT part of Differential Association Theory?
Which of the following factors is NOT part of Differential Association Theory?
According to the Differential Reinforcement Theory, which scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?
According to the Differential Reinforcement Theory, which scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?
What is the primary difference between Differential Association Theory and Differential Reinforcement Theory?
What is the primary difference between Differential Association Theory and Differential Reinforcement Theory?
Which factor refers to the emotional significance of the relationship in Differential Association Theory?
Which factor refers to the emotional significance of the relationship in Differential Association Theory?
In the realm of behavior shaping, how is positive punishment defined?
In the realm of behavior shaping, how is positive punishment defined?
Which of these describes the role of family relationships in the context of Differential Association Theory?
Which of these describes the role of family relationships in the context of Differential Association Theory?
What does differential reinforcement suggest about criminal behavior?
What does differential reinforcement suggest about criminal behavior?
According to Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory, what is the main reason individuals conform to societal norms?
According to Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory, what is the main reason individuals conform to societal norms?
Which component of the social bond specifically refers to emotional connections with others?
Which component of the social bond specifically refers to emotional connections with others?
What does the commitment component of Hirschi's theory imply?
What does the commitment component of Hirschi's theory imply?
How does involvement in conventional activities influence deviant behavior according to Hirschi?
How does involvement in conventional activities influence deviant behavior according to Hirschi?
What is a key focus of Social Control Theories?
What is a key focus of Social Control Theories?
Which theorist is associated with the development of the Social Bond Theory?
Which theorist is associated with the development of the Social Bond Theory?
What is the primary outcome expected from strong social bonds, according to Hirschi?
What is the primary outcome expected from strong social bonds, according to Hirschi?
What is the relationship between productive activities and involvement in criminal acts?
What is the relationship between productive activities and involvement in criminal acts?
How does belief influence an individual's likelihood to conform to social norms?
How does belief influence an individual's likelihood to conform to social norms?
What does internal containment refer to in Reckless's Containment Theory?
What does internal containment refer to in Reckless's Containment Theory?
Which of the following best describes external containment?
Which of the following best describes external containment?
What do 'push' forces refer to in the context of Containment Theory?
What do 'push' forces refer to in the context of Containment Theory?
Which of the following is an example of a 'pull' in Reckless's model?
Which of the following is an example of a 'pull' in Reckless's model?
According to Containment Theory, what might motivate an individual toward deviance?
According to Containment Theory, what might motivate an individual toward deviance?
What is the primary focus of Walter Reckless's Containment Theory?
What is the primary focus of Walter Reckless's Containment Theory?
What is the primary focus of John Hagan's Power-Control Theory?
What is the primary focus of John Hagan's Power-Control Theory?
In patriarchal families according to Power-Control Theory, which of the following is emphasized for daughters?
In patriarchal families according to Power-Control Theory, which of the following is emphasized for daughters?
What is a key characteristic of egalitarian families as described in Power-Control Theory?
What is a key characteristic of egalitarian families as described in Power-Control Theory?
Albert Cohen's theory of status frustration primarily addresses the challenges faced by which group?
Albert Cohen's theory of status frustration primarily addresses the challenges faced by which group?
How do subcultural theories in criminology explain deviant behavior?
How do subcultural theories in criminology explain deviant behavior?
Which concept suggests that working-class boys experience frustration due to their inability to achieve success?
Which concept suggests that working-class boys experience frustration due to their inability to achieve success?
This theoretical approach argues that parental roles in family structure significantly influence the likelihood of children engaging in deviance. Which approach is being described?
This theoretical approach argues that parental roles in family structure significantly influence the likelihood of children engaging in deviance. Which approach is being described?
According to Hagan's Power-Control Theory, what typically happens in patriarchal families regarding the socialization of sons?
According to Hagan's Power-Control Theory, what typically happens in patriarchal families regarding the socialization of sons?
Study Notes
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
- People learn through observation and imitation.
- The process of learning involves:
- Attention: Observing the behavior
- Retention: Storing the information in memory
- Reproduction: Physically or mentally reproducing the behavior
- Motivation: Engaging in the observed behavior
Neutralization Theory (Sykes and Matza)
- Individuals justify or "neutralize" their deviant behavior.
- This helps maintain their self-image as law-abiding citizens.
- Techniques of Neutralization:
- Denial of responsibility (blaming external factors)
- Denial of injury (minimizing harm)
- Denial of the victim (dehumanizing the victim)
- Condemnation of the condemners (criticizing those who judge them)
- Appeal to higher loyalties (justifying actions based on group loyalty)
Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)
- Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction with others who endorse criminal values and behaviors.
- Learning is influenced by:
- Frequency of exposure
- Duration of exposure
- Priority of relationships
- Intensity of association
Differential Reinforcement Theory (Burgess and Akers)
- Combines Differential Association Theory with operant conditioning.
- Criminal behavior is learned through both social interaction and reinforcement (rewards and punishments).
- Types of reinforcement:
- Positive reinforcement (reward)
- Negative reinforcement (avoiding an unpleasant consequence)
- Positive punishment (adding an unpleasant consequence)
- Negative punishment (removing a positive consequence)
Social Control Theories
- Focus on understanding why people conform to social norms and do not engage in deviant behavior.
- Emphasize the importance of social bonds, self-control, and societal institutions in preventing deviance.
Travis Hirschi – Social Bond Theory
- People refrain from crime because they are bonded to society.
- Components of the social bond:
- Attachment: Emotional connections to others
- Commitment: Investment in conventional activities
- Involvement: Time spent in conventional activities
- Belief: Acceptance of social norms and values
Walter Reckless – Containment Theory
- Individuals are subject to internal and external pressures towards deviant behavior.
- They have internal and external containment mechanisms that help them resist these pressures.
- Internal containment: Self-control, conscience, values
- External containment: Societal structures, rules, controls
John Hagan – Power-Control Theory
- Focuses on the relationship between family structure, gender roles, and the socialization of children in influencing deviant behavior.
- Family types:
- Patriarchal families: Fathers hold dominant power, daughters are socialized to be more obedient.
- Egalitarian families: Power is more equally distributed, children are socialized more equally.
Subcultural Theories
- Certain groups or subcultures develop their own values and norms, which may conflict with mainstream norms, leading to criminal or deviant behavior.
- They are particularly important in understanding juvenile delinquency and the behavior of marginalized communities.
Albert Cohen: Delinquent Boys
- Working-class boys are often unable to achieve success through conventional means due to lack of necessary skills or social advantages.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts from Bandura's Social Learning Theory, Sykes and Matza's Neutralization Theory, and Sutherland's Differential Association Theory. Test your understanding of how individuals learn behaviors, justify deviance, and develop criminal values through social interactions. Engage with the processes of learning, neutralization techniques, and principles of criminal behavior.
