Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the concept of reconstructive memory?
Which of the following best describes the concept of reconstructive memory?
- Memory is an active process where information is pieced together. (correct)
- Memory is a perfect recording of events.
- Memory is a passive storage system for information.
- Memory is only influenced by external factors.
How does the misinformation effect primarily demonstrate the reconstructive nature of memory?
How does the misinformation effect primarily demonstrate the reconstructive nature of memory?
- By illustrating how post-event information can alter original memories. (correct)
- By demonstrating the accuracy of eye-witness testimony.
- By showing that new memories replace old ones.
- By proving that memory is only affected by emotions.
In the context of schema theory, how might schematic processing reinforce stereotypes?
In the context of schema theory, how might schematic processing reinforce stereotypes?
- Schemas do not affect stereotypes and remain neutral.
- Schemas ensure information is interpreted objectively, avoiding biases.
- Schemas encourage individuals to make effort in seeking out new and accurate information.
- Schemas cause individuals to ignore information that conflicts with stereotypes. (correct)
What was a key finding in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment regarding leading questions?
What was a key finding in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment regarding leading questions?
How might social schemas save cognitive energy?
How might social schemas save cognitive energy?
Which cognitive process involves altering information during recall to align with existing schemas?
Which cognitive process involves altering information during recall to align with existing schemas?
What is the primary function of schemas in cognitive processing?
What is the primary function of schemas in cognitive processing?
Which of the following best describes the misinformation effect?
Which of the following best describes the misinformation effect?
Which concept describes the process of actively rebuilding memories that can be influenced by various factors?
Which concept describes the process of actively rebuilding memories that can be influenced by various factors?
In the context of memory, what are 'leading questions' designed to do?
In the context of memory, what are 'leading questions' designed to do?
What is the focus of schema theory?
What is the focus of schema theory?
What is a significant limitation of the Cohen study, as mentioned in the content?
What is a significant limitation of the Cohen study, as mentioned in the content?
Which term describes the mental processes involved in thinking, remembering, and decision-making?
Which term describes the mental processes involved in thinking, remembering, and decision-making?
In the study involving the video of a woman, what was the main difference between the two groups of participants?
In the study involving the video of a woman, what was the main difference between the two groups of participants?
What was the primary dependent variable measured in the Bransford and Johnson study?
What was the primary dependent variable measured in the Bransford and Johnson study?
Which of the following best describes the conclusion of the Stone et al. study on basketball players?
Which of the following best describes the conclusion of the Stone et al. study on basketball players?
In the Loftus and Palmer study about car accidents, what manipulation was used as the independent variable?
In the Loftus and Palmer study about car accidents, what manipulation was used as the independent variable?
What does the concept of 'confabulation' refer to in the Loftus and Pickrell study?
What does the concept of 'confabulation' refer to in the Loftus and Pickrell study?
According to schema theory, how might our cognitive energy be saved?
According to schema theory, how might our cognitive energy be saved?
What is a key function of schemas, as suggested by the provided studies?
What is a key function of schemas, as suggested by the provided studies?
What is a key limitation of schema theory highlighted by the studies presented?
What is a key limitation of schema theory highlighted by the studies presented?
How does the Stone et al study highlight the concept of schematic processing reinforcing stereotypes?
How does the Stone et al study highlight the concept of schematic processing reinforcing stereotypes?
In what way does the Loftus and Palmer study regarding leading questions explain memory distortion?
In what way does the Loftus and Palmer study regarding leading questions explain memory distortion?
Flashcards
Schema
Schema
A mental framework or structure that helps us organize and understand information.
Schema Theory
Schema Theory
Explains how our existing knowledge, beliefs, and experiences influence our memory.
Confirmation Bias
Confirmation Bias
A type of bias where we tend to favor information that confirms our existing beliefs.
Reconstructive Memory
Reconstructive Memory
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Confabulation
Confabulation
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Leading Questions
Leading Questions
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Misinformation Effect
Misinformation Effect
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Cognition
Cognition
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Social Schema
Social Schema
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Schema Consistency Effect
Schema Consistency Effect
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Passage Recall Task
Passage Recall Task
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Bransford & Johnson's Study
Bransford & Johnson's Study
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Stone's Study
Stone's Study
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Loftus & Palmer's Study
Loftus & Palmer's Study
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Confabulation (False Memory)
Confabulation (False Memory)
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Cognitive Energy
Cognitive Energy
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Study Notes
Social Influence: Key Concepts
- Confabulation: Creating false memories without conscious awareness of their falsity.
- Confirmation Bias/Cognitive Bias: Seeking out information that confirms existing beliefs/schemas.
- Information Processing: How individuals record, store, and retrieve information in their brain.
- Leading Questions: Questions phrased to elicit a specific response.
- Misinformation Effect: Existing knowledge distorts post-event memories.
- Rationalization: Altering memories to fit existing schemas.
- Reconstructive Memory: Memories are actively rebuilt, influenced by later knowledge and beliefs.
- Schema: A cognitive framework organizing knowledge.
- Schema Theory: Explores schemas, their formation, and impact on cognition and behavior.
- Schematic Processing: Processing information in relation to activated schemas.
- Functions of Schemas: Cognitive energy saving, knowledge organization, comprehension enhancement.
- Cognition: Mental processes like thinking, remembering, decision making.
Studies Supporting Schema Theory
- Cohen (Waitress/Librarian): Participants recalled information consistent with pre-existing schemas (waitress/librarian stereotypes). Demonstrated schema-consistent memory.
- Bransford and Johnson (Laundry Instructions): Contextual information (e.g., title) aided memory recall. Showed the influence of context on comprehension.
- Stone et al (Basketball Players): Implicit biases (e.g., athlete vs. strategic) affected judgments based on player race. Highlighted confirmation bias.
- Loftus and Palmer: Leading questions (e.g., "smashed" vs. "hit") affected speed estimates and recall of details (including a non-existent broken glass). Demonstrated misinformation effect and reconstruction of memory.
- Loftus and Pickrell: Creation of false memories through suggestion.
Limitations of Schema Theory Studies
- Cohen: Temporal validity; stereotypes can change.
- Cohen, Stone et al: Lack of a control group making comparisons less reliable.
Cohen Study Details
- Aim: Demonstrate schema-consistent memory.
- Method: Lab experiment, independent samples. College students viewed a video of a woman. Half were told she was a librarian, half a waitress.
- Results: Participants remembered information congruent with their assigned schema.
- Conclusion: Schemas influence recall of information.
- Limitations: No direct measure for schema activation.
Bransford and Johnson Study Details
- Aim: Investigate the impact of context on memory and comprehension.
- Method: Independent measures. Students heard a passage and then recalled it. Some students were given a title before the passage, others after, and some no title.
- Results: Students who heard the title before scored the highest.
- Conclusion: Context improves comprehension and recall.
Stone et al Study Details
- Aim: Examine how pre-existing knowledge affects information processing.
- Method: College students listened to radio commentary about basketball players while viewing pictures (black/white player).
- Results: Judgments about players' skills and abilities differed based on the player's race.
- Conclusion: Schemas can influence judgments and perceptions.
Loftus and Palmer (Speed Estimation) Study
- Aim: Investigate leading questions' impact on memory.
- Method (Speed Estimation): Participants watched car accidents, then answered a critical question ("how fast were the cars going when they ..."). Different verbs were used (e.g., "smashed," "hit").
- Results: The "smashed" group estimated higher speeds.
- Conclusion: Leading questions distort memory.
- Method (Broken Glass): Participants answered, "did you see any broken glass?" Some heard the verb “smashed”, others less impactful words.
- Conclusion: Leading questions can create false memories.
Loftus and Pickrell Study Details
- Aim: Explore false memory creation through suggestion.
- Method: Participants received a booklet with childhood event details (some real, one false).
- Results: A significant portion of participants recalled the false event.
- Conclusion: Suggestibility can create false memories.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of social influence, including confabulation, cognitive biases, and the impact of schemas on our memories and beliefs. This quiz will test your understanding of how information processing shapes our perceptions and decision-making. Delve into the mechanisms behind our memory reconstruction and the significance of leading questions.
