part 3

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Questions and Answers

What right does copyright give the owner regarding their work?

  • Sell their work for profit
  • Transfer ownership of their work
  • Alter the original creation without restrictions
  • Make copies of their work (correct)

Which of the following is considered a form of fair use?

  • Copying multiple chapters of a book for distribution
  • Using copyrighted work for commercial gain
  • Using material for educational purposes (correct)
  • Creating a replica of a sculpture for sale

What is the primary goal of a Creative Commons license?

  • To protect the creator’s rights more strictly
  • To increase sharing and inspire creativity (correct)
  • To ensure all works are commercially viable
  • To allow limited distribution on copyrighted works

What does the 'Noncommercial' option in a Creative Commons license restrict?

<p>Selling or profiting from the resulting creation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a work is in the public domain, what can people do?

<p>Treat the information as their own without restrictions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of social networking technology?

<p>It improves societal connections and awareness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secure passwords?

<p>Including personal information such as birthdays. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does two-factor authentication provide?

<p>Extra security for online identities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of two-factor authentication?

<p>To add an extra layer of security to account logins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes 'open source software'?

<p>Software whose source code is publicly available for anyone to view and modify (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of filter bubbles?

<p>They isolate users from diverse viewpoints based on algorithms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example is a form of crowdsourcing?

<p>Contributing to Wikipedia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does netiquette recommend you do before sending an email?

<p>Confirm the recipient's address (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major advantage of Creative Commons Copyright?

<p>It enables creators to grant specific usage rights to others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intellectual property does copyright concern itself with?

<p>Creative works like music, literature, and artwork (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of phishing attacks?

<p>They typically request personal information under false pretenses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does blockchain technology aim to prevent?

<p>Tampering and unauthorized changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential negative effect of social media?

<p>The potential for algorithm-driven isolation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates between privacy and security?

<p>Privacy concerns the safeguarding of personal data, while security pertains to preventing unauthorized access to that data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common threat to privacy?

<p>Public Key Cryptography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of the 'Right to be Forgotten' established by the European Union?

<p>It gives individuals control over their personal data shared online. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains Public Key Encryption?

<p>It requires two keys: a public key and a private key. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of Edward Snowden's disclosures on digital privacy?

<p>They initiated a public debate regarding surveillance and government access to personal data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of privacy and security, what does the Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution protect against?

<p>Unreasonable searches and seizures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is included in the OECD Fair Information Practices?

<p>Ensuring that data is collected with consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of internet transactions regarding personal information?

<p>Businesses have the right to sell any information generated during transactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach has Facebook been required to take for photo tagging in Canada and the European Union?

<p>Rely on user manual identification of faces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five main possibilities for what happens to information after a business is finished with it?

<p>Public Access (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main privacy goal in relation to cell phone communications?

<p>To prevent unauthorized listening of calls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of privacy, what does the term 'Opt-out' refer to?

<p>The business may use data without objection from the individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines privacy based on the provided content?

<p>The right to dictate the circumstances under which one reveals personal information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does security in the context of data privacy entail?

<p>Confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is part of the OECD's Fair Information Practices?

<p>Inform individuals about the intended use of their data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence for people seeking employment who had a drug arrest mug shot available online?

<p>They faced potential bias based on their past actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'right to be forgotten' primarily concerned with?

<p>Removing irrelevant private information from search engines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the removal requests to Google is true?

<p>Private individuals made up the majority of requests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with the right-to-be-forgotten bill proposed in New York?

<p>It operates under a vague censorship criterion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does California’s 'eraser law' relate to the right to be forgotten?

<p>It specifically addresses juvenile internet records. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does tagging friends in photos have on Facebook's data usage?

<p>It enhances facial recognition capabilities for future photos. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism of the 'right to be forgotten' concept in the context of the First Amendment?

<p>It prevents truthful information from being shared. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes how the European Court of Justice ruled regarding personal information?

<p>Commercial search firms must remove links to irrelevant information upon request. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of URL removal requests has Google delisted according to its transparency report?

<p>43% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Engineering

The act of convincing someone to voluntarily give up personal information, often through deceptive or manipulative tactics.

Phishing Attack

A type of attack where attackers try to steal your credentials by disguising themselves as a legitimate entity.

Open Source Software

Software that has its source code publicly available, allowing anyone to examine, modify, and distribute it.

Software License Agreement

A legal agreement that outlines the terms and conditions for using a software product.

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Netiquette

A type of online etiquette that helps promote respectful and appropriate communication in online environments.

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Crowdsourcing

Combining the contributions of a large, unconstrained volunteer population to solve a problem.

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Blockchain

A system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or impossible to change, hack, or cheat the system.

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Filter Bubble

The intellectual isolation that can occur when websites use algorithms to selectively assume what information a user wants to see, and then give information to the user according to this assumption.

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Crowdfunding

A form of online fundraising where projects are funded by a large number of people, typically through small contributions.

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Electronic Finance

The use of electronic systems to transfer money and other financial assets.

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Digital Currency

A digital currency that operates independently of central banks and uses cryptography to secure transactions.

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Crowdsourcing

A marketing strategy that involves leveraging the collective intelligence of a large group of people.

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Two-Factor Authentication

A system of authentication that requires two separate factors to verify a user's identity.

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Copyright

The legal right granted to authors, composers, artists, and other creators of original works of authorship. Copyright protects the owner's right to make copies, create derivative works, distribute, publicly perform, and display their creations.

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Fair Use

A legal framework that allows limited use of copyrighted materials without obtaining permission from the copyright holder. This is often used for educational purposes, criticism, or reporting.

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Creative Commons License

A type of copyright license that allows creators to grant specific permissions for the use and distribution of their work. This allows for greater flexibility than traditional copyright.

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Attribution

A Creative Commons license option that requires users to acknowledge the original creator when using, adapting, or distributing the work.

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Noncommercial

A Creative Commons license option that prohibits commercial use of the licensed work. This means the work can be used for non-profit purposes, but not for profit-making ventures.

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Data Privacy

The practice of collecting and storing personal data, often without explicit consent.

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Privacy Rights

The legal right of individuals to choose how their personal information is used and shared.

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Data Protection Laws

A legal principle governing the collection, processing, and use of personal information.

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Biometrics

A system used to identify and authenticate individuals based on unique biological traits.

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Data Security

The process of ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.

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OECD Fair Information Practices

A set of principles that guide the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information.

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Approval or Opt-in

A situation where a business can use your information for other purposes, but only if you approve.

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Objection or Opt-out

A situation where a business can use your information for other purposes, but not if you object.

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Right to be Forgotten

The right to request that search engines remove links to personal information that is no longer considered relevant. This right aims to protect individuals' privacy and control over their online presence.

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EU Right to be Forgotten Ruling

A legal ruling by the European Union stating that individuals have the right to request the removal of their personal information from search engine results.

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Google's Right to be Forgotten Program

A program implemented by Google that allows individuals in Europe to request the removal of links to their personal information from Google search results.

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Right to be Forgotten vs. Censorship

The right to be forgotten does not censor content, but rather changes how search results are displayed. This is a key distinction that avoids censorship of information.

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New York 'Right to be Forgotten' Bill

A proposed bill in New York State inspired by the European right-to-be-forgotten, aiming to give individuals the right to have their personal information removed from online search results.

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Right to Be Forgotten and the First Amendment

The potential challenge of the right to be forgotten in the US, where it may collide with the First Amendment's freedom of speech provisions.

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California's 'Eraser Law' for Minors

A Californian law that allows minors to request the removal of their personal information from the internet, aiming to protect their privacy and online reputation.

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Facebook's Facial Recognition Technology

Facebook's facial recognition technology that automatically tags individuals in photos, storing and recognizing their facial features.

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Privacy

The right of individuals to determine how their personal information is collected, used, and shared. It's about control over your personal data.

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Security

Protecting information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. It's about securing your data.

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Data Controller

An entity that collects, uses, and discloses personal information. Examples include companies, organizations, and governments.

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Modern Devices and Privacy

Technological advancements that make it easier for unauthorized access to personal information. This can be through smartphones, social media, or online trackers.

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Fourth Amendment

The Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. This principle is often used in discussions surrounding digital privacy, as digital information can be considered private.

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Public Key Encryption

A method of encrypting information using two keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. Only the holder of the private key can decrypt the information.

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Study Notes

Social Implications of IT (Chapter 11)

  • Learning Objectives: The chapter covers social networking technology's positive societal impact, appropriate online behavior tips, secure password creation, copyright rights, crowdsourcing examples, two-factor authentication, and Creative Commons Copyright.

  • Technology's Impact: Technology can have both beneficial and harmful effects.

  • Crowdsourcing: It's the combination of large volunteer efforts to solve problems. Examples include Wikipedia, Waze, Linux, Apache, Be A Martian, Open Office, and Folding@Home.

  • Crowdfunding: Platforms like Kickstarter, Patreon, Indiegogo, Kiva, PULSE, and GoFundMe facilitate funding for projects and initiatives.

  • Electronic Finance vs Digital Currency: Electronic finance includes Venmo, PayPal, and Zelle. Digital currencies include Bitcoin and Ethereum as alternatives.

  • Blockchain: A blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger of transactions, making it difficult to alter. This system is distributed across a network of computer systems.

  • Collaboration Platforms: Social collaboration platforms change employee workflows by improving communication, and sometimes replacing email. Specific examples include virtual choir projects and other collaborative projects.

  • Filter Bubbles: Filter bubbles are created by algorithms on websites that predict user preferences, and curate content accordingly. This phenomenon impacts the user's intellectual isolation. Specific examples include recommender systems on Netflix.

  • Online Safety: Password security (encrypted passwords and password generators are crucial) and two-factor authentication provide protection. Specific examples of password security are two-factor authentication, and accessing security information on websites like https://howsecureismypassword.net/.

  • Netiquette: Online etiquette includes acting as if you were present in person in the real world, using email responsibly, avoiding 'flame wars', and following acceptable online norms for communication. A list of rules for good online etiquette is provided.

  • Threats: Online threats like phishing (social engineering to extract personal data) and password harvesting are dangerous. Specific scenarios like being scammed for money or your account being compromised can result from these attacks.

  • Intellectual Property (IP): Information is considered a product of a creative process, and ownership of the IP has its own rules covering software and digital content on the web.

  • Software License Agreements: These can include different usages with individual and commercial applications. Distribution policies, sharing, and copy requirements, and licenses (like open-source vs proprietary) vary.

  • Open Source Software: This publicly available software raises questions about who pays for the technology, and how companies can profit when the source code is available for anyone.

  • Copyright: Ownership of copyright when creating works like term papers, web pages, and sculptures. Copyright laws also allow for reproduction, creation of derivative works, distribution and publication, and public performance and display of work. There are specific provisions on copyright use for personal use, fair use, and public domain content.

  • Creative Commons License: A license that allows for sharing, usage, and building on works by other creators. The license includes options like Attribution, NonCommercial, No Derivative Works, and Share Alike.

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