Social Identity and Gender Roles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are role identities primarily developed through?

  • Interactions with multiple groups and settings (correct)
  • Personal reflection and introspection
  • Physical attributes and skills
  • Innate personality traits and characteristics
  • Which of the following is NOT a component of social identity?

  • Socio-economic status
  • National origin
  • Sexual orientation
  • Personal interests (correct)
  • How does self-esteem relate to role identities?

  • It is independent of fulfilling roles.
  • It decreases with increased role involvement.
  • It is solely determined by social recognition.
  • It is based on fulfilling these roles. (correct)
  • What does foreclosed identity involve?

    <p>Commitment to roles without exploration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'gender roles' refer to?

    <p>Society's expectations of behavior based on gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes athletic identity?

    <p>It denotes how athletes view themselves in relation to their sport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following corresponds to the concept of states in personality traits?

    <p>Temporary expressions that can change with context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does femininity differ from masculinity?

    <p>Femininity is based on cultural expectations of women, while masculinity is based on those of men (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is mentioned as a signature way for elite performers to achieve their goals?

    <p>Hope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement has contributed to increased opportunities for women in sports?

    <p>Feminist movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of feminist perspectives on women in sports?

    <p>Addressing gender discrimination in sports participation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of having a foreclosed identity in the context of athletics?

    <p>Narrow focus that limits personal growth and experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the biopsychosocial model combine?

    <p>Medical, social, and personal responses to disability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory critiques traditional views on disability?

    <p>Critical Disability Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effect of gender-based discrimination in sports?

    <p>Threats of violence discouraging women from participating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of legal and political initiatives like Title IX?

    <p>To create equal opportunities for women in sports (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of psychology as described?

    <p>The study of the human mind, emphasizing both parts and the whole. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes nomothetic approaches from idiographic approaches in psychology?

    <p>Nomothetic approaches emphasize general laws, while idiographic approaches focus on unique cases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological method is best associated with Freud?

    <p>Psychoanalysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Iceberg Model represent Freud's views on the mind?

    <p>It indicates that the unconscious mind is more significant than the conscious mind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning as described by Pavlov?

    <p>A process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about behaviorism is true?

    <p>It emphasizes observable behavior over internal thoughts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the holistic approach in psychology examine?

    <p>The complex interactions among various aspects of a person. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of behavior does psychoanalysis primarily focus on?

    <p>Unconscious motives and conflicts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with a positive influence on athletic performance?

    <p>Conscientiousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why understanding personality is important in sports psychology?

    <p>It informs interventions and policies to enhance community engagement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do different personality traits affect athletes' coping mechanisms?

    <p>They impact emotional responses and how athletes handle pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should research focus on to enhance understanding of personality-performance relationships?

    <p>Interactions such as person-environment dynamics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological skill is identified as a key factor for successful athletes?

    <p>Effective imagery use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the downside of comparing group versus individual athletes on personality scales?

    <p>It lacks theoretical and practical value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of recognizing individual personality differences in athletes?

    <p>It optimizes performance through tailored coaching. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does neuroticism affect athletic performance?

    <p>It negatively affects performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core principle of operant conditioning as defined by Skinner?

    <p>Behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the humanistic approach to coaching?

    <p>Prioritizing athlete self-awareness and growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what is considered the highest level of need?

    <p>Self-actualization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does health psychology primarily contribute to health care?

    <p>By examining psychological aspects that influence health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does exercise psychology primarily study?

    <p>The psychological impacts of participation in physical activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coaching philosophy exemplifies treating athletes as individuals?

    <p>Carlo Ancelotti's approach of 'Treat everyone as a person'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of behaviorism in psychology?

    <p>It does not consider cognitive processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Lombardo's humanistic model of coaching?

    <p>Put the athletic goals above those of the coach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological skills are commonly used by successful athletes?

    <p>Imagery and goal-setting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the importance of support networks for elite athletes?

    <p>They significantly enhance the athletes' performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Athletes learn psychological skills through what process?

    <p>Knowledge and practice, similar to physical skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of successful athletic performance?

    <p>High team cohesion and communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about the ideal performance state for athletes?

    <p>It can be created and maintained through learned techniques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor in creating desirable mental states?

    <p>Utilizing advanced technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general psychological profile is linked with successful athletic performance?

    <p>Similar traits among elite athletes across different sports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the development of psychological skills among athletes require?

    <p>Awareness and deliberate practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Psychology

    The study of the human mind

    Schools of Thought

    Groups of psychologists with common beliefs

    Psychoanalysis (Freud)

    Focuses on the unconscious mind

    Conscious vs Unconscious

    Levels of awareness in the mind

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    Nomothetic approaches

    General rules about human behavior

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    Idiographic approaches

    Understanding individual cases

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    Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

    Learning through association

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    Behaviorism (Watson)

    Focuses on observable behaviors

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    Operant Conditioning

    A learning process where behavior is influenced by consequences (reinforcement or punishment).

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    Reinforcement

    A consequence that strengthens a behavior, making it more likely to occur again.

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    Punishment

    A consequence that weakens a behavior, making it less likely to occur again.

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    Humanistic Approach

    Focuses on personal growth, self-awareness, and the importance of individual needs/values and goals in the individual.

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    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    A theory that arranges needs in a hierarchy: Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

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    Exercise Psychology

    The study of psychological factors related to exercise and physical activity.

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    Health Psychology

    Study of how psychological and social factors affect health and illness.

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    Athlete-Centered Approach

    An approach to coaching where athlete's needs and goals are prioritized over the coach's goals.

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    Psychological Skills for Athletes

    Mental strategies used by athletes to enhance performance, such as imagery, attentional focus, and positive self-talk.

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    Ideal Performance State

    A specific mental and emotional condition that promotes peak performance, characterized by calmness, focus, and confidence.

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    Support Network Impact

    The importance of strong relationships with family, friends, teammates, and coaches on athletic performance.

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    Team Cohesion

    The strength of the bonds between teammates and the sense of unity and support they share.

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    Communication with Coaches

    Effective communication between athletes and coaches, which improves understanding, trust, and guidance.

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    Organizational Stress

    Stress levels caused by factors within the organization, such as pressure from management or demanding schedules.

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    Learning Psychological Skills

    The process of acquiring and mastering mental strategies through knowledge and practice.

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    Maintaining Ideal Mental State

    Continued effort and techniques used to cultivate and sustain the psychological state necessary for peak performance.

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    Role Identity

    Distinct components of our identity formed through interactions with different groups and settings. They are organized by how important they are to us.

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    Salience in Role Identity

    How important a role is to our self-concept, determining its influence on our behavior and thoughts.

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    How are Role Identities Created?

    They are formed and reinforced through interactions with others. They gain meaning through these experiences.

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    Expectations in Roles

    Roles come with specific expectations for behavior. These expectations are influenced by social norms and individual beliefs.

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    Self-Esteem and Roles

    Our self-esteem is influenced by how well we fulfill the expectations associated with our roles.

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    Athletic Identity

    The extent to which an individual identifies with the role of an athlete.

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    Foreclosed Identity in Athletics

    When athletes heavily commit to their sport without exploring other options or activities.

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    Consequences of Foreclosed Identity

    Potential negative effects include limited personal growth, lack of self-awareness, and dependence on athletic success for self-worth.

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    Gender is a social construct

    How we think and behave as females and males is shaped by society's expectations, not solely by biology.

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    Femininity and Masculinity

    Cultural expectations associated with being female (femininity) or male (masculinity).

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    Feminist Movement in Sport

    Challenges traditional gender roles and ideologies in sports, advocating for equal opportunities for women.

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    Biopsychosocial Model of Disability

    Combines the medical (impairment), social (barriers) and individual (responses to impairment) perspectives to understand disability.

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    Medical Model of Disability

    Disability is seen as an individual problem, caused by a medical flaw or condition.

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    Social Model of Disability

    Views disability as a result of social barriers and negative attitudes, rather than an individual problem.

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    Critical Disability Theory

    Applies the social model of disability to challenge inequalities and promote social justice for disabled individuals.

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    Critical Race Theory in Sport

    Examines how race and ethnicity shape experiences in sports, including inequality and discrimination.

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    Performance Prediction

    Personality traits, like those in the Big 5 model, can predict athletic performance. For example, conscientiousness is linked to better performance, while neuroticism has a negative impact.

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    Coping Strategies

    Understanding personality helps us know how athletes deal with stress and pressure. Different traits are associated with specific coping mechanisms, affecting their emotional responses and performance under pressure.

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    Tailored Coaching

    Acknowledging individual personality differences allows coaches to personalize training plans and motivation techniques, optimizing athletes' performance.

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    Interaction Effects

    To understand how personality influences performance, research should focus on how different personality aspects work together, rather than just their separate effects. Interactions with the environment also play a role.

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    Psychological Skills

    Successful athletes often possess crucial psychological skills, like high self-confidence, effective imagery use, and the ability to manage anxiety.

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    Athlete's Psychological Profile

    Going beyond just their athletic identity, understanding an athlete's psychological profile, including their personality and mental skills, can reveal deeper insights into their performance.

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    Individualized Approach

    Focusing on the individual athlete's needs and personality allows for more effective and tailored interventions and policies to promote well-being and enhance community engagement.

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    Collective Behaviors

    Understanding personality at a societal level allows us to analyze how individual traits influence social roles, cultural values, and collective actions, predicting responses to societal norms and pressures.

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    Study Notes

    Psychology and Sociology of Sport, Exercise and Health - In-Class Test Notes

    • Psychology:

      • The study of the human mind, focusing on internal attributes and processes
      • Key concepts like motivation, self-esteem, personality, and leadership
      • Schools of Thought:
        • Structuralism (how the mind is structured)
        • Functionalism (how the mind works)
        • Psychodynamic
        • Behaviorism
        • Cognitivism
        • Humanism
      • Focus: Parts versus whole; examining distinct elements versus holistic approach
      • Methods of Investigation: Experimental (e.g., Stanford prison study), observational, case studies
      • Conscious vs. Unconscious: Conscious mind (thoughts, feelings, actions) and unconscious mind (repressed thoughts, dreams)
      • Nomothetic Approaches: Identifying universal laws applicable to everyone.
      • Idiographic Approaches: Examining individual characteristics
      • Psychoanalysis (Freud): Focus on the unconscious mind and its connection to the conscious mind
        • Iceberg Model: Id (primitive instincts), ego (reality principle), superego (moral center)
      • Behaviorism (Watson): Focus on observable behavior
        • Classical conditioning (Pavlov: stimulus-response learning), and
        • Operant conditioning (Skinner: behavior is shaped by consequences).
    • Sociology:

      • Study of social components, external to the individual, which greatly influence social interactions.
      • Social Theories: Different perspectives on society, including functionalism and conflict theory.
        • Functionalism: Society is based on equilibrium and balance; all parts are interrelated and work together.
        • Conflict Theory: Emphasizes inequality, disagreement, opposition and power struggles rather than a balanced or harmonious society.
      • Critical Theory: Examines social norms and dominant ways of thinking to address potential inequalities and oppressions.
        • Critical Disability Theory: Disability is socially constructed, not an inherent characteristic. Social barriers are what define disability.
        • Critical Race Theory: Racism is a pervasive feature of everyday social and organizational processes.
        • Feminist Theory: Examines gender and power, and how these affect people's experiences.
      • Identity: A sense of self, a dynamic concept formed by social interaction, changing over time. Identity has multiple layers/components (e.g., age, class, gender, and race) impacting on sport.
      • Athletic Identity: The degree to which an individual identifies with the athlete role.
      • Foreclosed Identity: Individuals making commitments to roles without exploration.
    • Bringing Psychology and Sociology Together:

      • Applying psychological concepts to understand social identity in sport (e.g. how identity shapes mental health, behaviour and performance).
      • Understanding how social structures and cultural norms influence psychological processes and experiences in sport contexts.
    • Hot Topic #1: Olympic and Paralympic Sporting Identities:

      • Personality and identity - the concepts
      • Applying these to sport
    • Hot Topic #2: Learning from the Lionesses:

      • Personality traits and states associated with elite performance in sports.
      • Psychological factors affecting performance.
    • Exam Criteria:

      • In-class test format (essay/short form essays)
      • Time limit, computer-based (on Moodle)
      • Depth analysis, wider reading expectation and creativity

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    Explore the complexities of social identity, gender roles, and athletic identity through this engaging quiz. Understand key concepts such as role identities, self-esteem, and the impact of feminist perspectives in sports. Test your knowledge on the biopsychosocial model and legal initiatives like Title IX.

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