Social Identities and Health Disparities

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of intersectionality?

The combination of historical and political factors to define social identities.

The study of individual biases and their impact on social perceptions.

The separation of social identities to better understand their unique effects.

The overlapping of various social identities and related oppressions. (correct)

How do social identities primarily influence interactions within healthcare settings?

By shaping perceptions, power dynamics, and communication between providers and patients. (correct)

By simplifying complex medical situations through shared group associations.

By creating predictable patterns of doctor and patient communication.

By promoting a uniform and objective approach to patient care.

What represents the core principle of health equity?

Ensuring all individuals receive the same level of care, regardless of their health needs.

Guaranteeing all people have equal opportunities to attain their full health potential. (correct)

Allocating healthcare resources based on economic productivity.

Providing additional resources to certain groups based on social identities.

Which of these is NOT considered a primary social determinant of health?

Genetic predispositions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of transcultural nursing principles?

Understanding the cultural values and beliefs of each patient. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the most accurate definition of implicit bias?

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding and decisions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does health-related stigma interact with social marginalization?

By compounding the negative effects of social marginalization on health outcomes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can a healthcare provider best reflect on their personal biases in order to improve their professional practice?

By recognizing how their perceptions of social identities can influence behavior and choices. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between socioeconomic class and health insurance?

Middle and upper-class individuals typically have more access to health insurance due to their occupations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of being uninsured or inadequately insured?

Individuals delay seeking health care due to high costs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the core concept of scarcity theory?

Having less than you feel you need induces a mindset that affects decision-making. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are some areas in life where scarcity can be experienced, according to the theory?

Including dieting, thirst, loneliness, deadlines, and poverty. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of cognitive resource depletion caused by financial scarcity?

A tendency to focus on immediate demands over future planning. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the effect of choosing immediate rewards rather than waiting for potentially better, future options, as a result of economic uncertainty?

Time discounting (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of economic uncertainty according to scarcity theory?

A stronger focus on scarcity-related demands only. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does an adult's education level predict in the United States?

An adult's overall health, probability of morbidities, and longevity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In adults in their mid-40s, what outcome is strongly correlated with a higher level of education?

They tend to live longer and spend more years in good health. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect can scarcity have on people's cognitive control?

It reduces mental bandwidth and cognitive control. (A) Signup and view all the answers

An implicit stereotype is considered damaging even when it is:

Not negative in nature. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) primarily measure?

Implicit biases that individuals may not be aware of. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The 'aversive racist' is characterized by:

Rejecting racist ideas explicitly, but having implicit bias. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'corrosive disadvantage' as described in the provided material?

A disadvantage that can lead to further disadvantages. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural immersion contribute to implicit biases?

It reinforces prejudiced portrayals of groups. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The FLEX model mainly aims to help individuals:

Recognize and manage their own and others' implicit biases. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the FLEX model, what does 'Engage in Inclusive Dialogue' imply?

Listening to understand, rather than to rebut. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the 'Expand Your Options' component of the FLEX model?

Exploring a variety of alternatives and possibilities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How are social determinants of health primarily influenced?

By policy choices affecting distribution of resources. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a high healthcare deductible and lower-income individuals in Switzerland according to the text?

It can deter them from seeking medical help due to cost. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of implicit bias affecting healthcare?

A healthcare professional giving better treatment to patients from preferred demographics. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a person be described as belonging to a 'vulnerable' group?

They belong to social groups considered to be at higher risk. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What commonality is shared by minority ethnic populations, low-health literacy individuals, and the poor, according to the text?

They are all more susceptible to implicit bias in healthcare. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do implicit attitudes impact behaviors outside of a laboratory environment?

They can affect decision-making in real-life scenarios. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is recommended to reduce the harm of implicit bias in clinical practice?

Complete a Continuing Education Activity on Implicit Bias. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of intersectionality?

It recognizes the contextual and dynamic interplay of social inequalities and identities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a social determinant of health, according to the provided diagram?

Genetic Predisposition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'implicit bias' typically refer to?

Stereotypes about people that remain hidden to the person who holds them. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about implicit biases is TRUE?

They can be gradually unlearned through various techniques. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can implicit biases manifest, besides affecting judgements?

They manifest in our non-verbal behavior towards others. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of healthcare, how should biases be regarded?

To be avoided when they lead to negative evaluations linked with group membership. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between implicit and explicit biases?

They are related but distinct and may reinforce each other. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one example from the text, used to illustrate how implicit bias can have a negative impact?

An association between young girls and dolls, which may limit their opportunities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do implicit biases impact a healthcare professional's behavior?

They may result in perceiving a patient from a minority group as less competent and not prescribe the treatment despite it being indicated. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a social determinant of health?

Access to quality healthcare services (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of implicit bias important in fields such as healthcare, law enforcement, and education, according to the text?

Because implicit biases can lead to unfair or unjust outcomes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'health equity' primarily aim to achieve?

Ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to achieve their full health potential, regardless of social circumstances (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided materials, what percentage of population health is attributed to genes, biology, and health behaviors?

Approximately 25% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with lower levels of education?

Reduced risk of intentional and unintentional injury (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is the main driver of health disparities?

Social and economic inequities, with a central role for racism and discrimination. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way that social determinants of health affect an individual?

Personal hygiene routines. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that good health can impact academic success?

Good health is associated with higher academic grades among high school students. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a factor in the 'Neighborhood and Built Environment' category of social determinants of health?

Availability of recreational facilities and parks (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT specifically identified as a social determinant of health category in Healthy People 2030?

Cultural Practices (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Healthy People 2030 initiative?

To eliminate health disparities and achieve health equity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the presence of implicit bias among healthcare professionals?

They exhibit similar levels of implicit bias as the wider population. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What makes implicit biases difficult to address?

They operate beneath the surface in our unconscious mind. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'health inequality' refer to?

Unequal distribution of health hazards and access to health services between different demographic groups. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the World Health Organization define 'gender'?

The social expectations and roles an individual performs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of healthcare professionals exhibiting implicit bias toward disadvantaged groups?

Lower standard of care due to unconscious judgements and bias. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common social determinant that contributes to health inequities, and was frequently mentioned in the content?

Poverty (D) Signup and view all the answers

What specific issue do women often face, according to the United Nations, because of their dual responsibilities as caregivers and income earners?

Time poverty, limiting access to healthcare and education. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does socioeconomic status (SES) primarily impact an individual's health outcome?

SES significantly impacts access to care, nutrition, and overall physical health. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Gender-related Development Index (GDI)?

To measure inequalities between men and women in health, knowledge, and living standards. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the infant mortality rate for Black, non-Hispanics per 1000 births?

14 (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to research, why might differences in disease frequency appear across different racial groups?

Due to socioeconomic factors, environment, and healthcare access. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, why might people with low socioeconomic status experience higher rates of illness?

They may be exposed to more environmental hazards and have less access to resources. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of Latinos in California lack health insurance?

25 percent (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'race-based medicine'?

Medicines targeted at specific ethnic groups known to have a propensity for certain disorders. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the data provided, which racial or ethnic group had the highest uninsured rate in 2010?

Hispanic (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical characteristic of neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status compared to wealthier neighborhoods?

Fewer grocery stores and more fast food chains (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the provided text, what is highlighted as the greatest social determinant of an individual's health outcome in the United States?

Socioeconomic Status (SES) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which event was associated with a sharp decline in uninsured rates across all groups?

The implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which population group has the highest rate of new AIDS cases in the United States according to the text?

Black people (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these would be considered a health behavior?

Smoking and Alcohol Use (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor contributing to health disparities among African Americans, mentioned in the text?

They have limited access to healthcare programs compared to other populations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a critique of using racial categories in health care?

It may lead to increased stereotyping and discrimination. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which social determinant of health is most related to the availability of resources such as good jobs, affordable housing, and food security?

Economic Stability (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of research related to health and disease when considering racial categories?

To identify the root causes of health and disease through other means (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the US, how much longer do affluent white women live compared to poor black men, according to the text?

14 years (B) Signup and view all the answers

Compared to white populations, what can be said about minoritized populations in the US regarding chronic diseases?

They have a higher incidence of chronic diseases. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary aim of addressing social determinants of health?

To achieve health equity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes how our social group memberships influence our perceptions and interactions?

Social Identities (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group most often receives less aggressive care when compared to white people?

Black people (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term “social patterning of health”?

The patterns of how social factors affects health, disease, and illness (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of 'intersectionality'?

It highlights how different social identities can combine to create unique experiences of discrimination. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be an effect of experiencing social marginalization combined with health-related stigma?

Concealment of the health condition (C) Signup and view all the answers

Other than life expectancy, what is another significant area where racial disparities are evident?

Infant mortality rates (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers find regarding gender bias in healthcare?

Women are less likely to be recommended for knee replacement surgery when they have the same symptoms. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what way does intersectionality relate to health-related stigma?

It provides deeper understanding of how health stigma overlaps with other forms of social oppression. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with introducing the concept of intersectionality?

Kimberlé Crenshaw (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a social identity category mentioned in the context?

Personality Traits (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest that health-related stigma is rooted in?

Social inequality and power imbalances (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intensified stigma' describe in the context of health and social identities?

The compounded experience of multiple oppressions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these situations best illustrates the concept of intersectionality mentioned in the text?

A young person with a disability experiencing discrimination differently than an elderly person with a disability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the theories developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner regarding social identity?

How belonging in social groups affects people's identities and relationships. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do social identities influence interactions within social contexts?

They inform our perceptions of ourselves and our interactions with others. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key question to consider when examining the impact of social identities in community work?

What is the community's historical experience with people who have my social identities? (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Healthy People 2030, what is a health disparity primarily linked to?

Social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantages. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a potential factor contributing to health disparities?

Personal fitness habits (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of health disparities?

Higher incidence and/or prevalence and earlier onset of disease. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between educational inequalities and health disparities?

They are linked, with dropping out of school associated with multiple social and health problems. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of cultural context in human development?

It shapes developmental pathways and individual and collective identities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding social identities important for healthcare professionals?

To ensure that healthcare professionals are aware of potential bias, stigma, and discrimination. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do social identities impact power dynamics within a community?

They can create power dynamics, especially when working with minoritized groups. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for healthcare professionals to provide culturally competent care?

Understand how intersecting identities and cultural contexts influence health behaviors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did the circle of power exercise aim to show in the context of social identity?

To explore areas where individuals have experienced advantage or disadvantage. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding biases and stigma in healthcare improve patient care?

Preventing discriminatory practices and reducing health disparities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to reflect on our own social identities?

To understand how our perceptions can impact our interactions and engagement with others. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by premature mortality rates as a measure of health disparities?

Greater mortality rates compared to a larger population among certain sub-groups. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social identities are group memberships shaped by personal traits, history, and social/political contexts.
They influence how people experience and interact with their social world.
Social identities impact healthcare perceptions, power dynamics, and interactions. Understanding historical experiences of communities and how members view differing social identities is important.

Health Disparities and Health Equity

Health disparities are preventable differences in health outcomes among different social groups.
This is due to unequal distribution of social, political, economic and environmental resources.
Disparities are seen in disease incidence, prevalence, risk factors, mortality, and global burden.
Factors like poverty, environmental threats, healthcare access, individual behaviors, and educational inequalities contribute to disparities.
Lower educational attainment is linked to higher health risks like obesity, substance use, and injuries.
Health literacy and access to health information and services are influenced by education levels.

Gender and Health

Gender is a social construct, distinct from sex.
Health disparities exist based on gender stratification.
Women are sometimes recommended for less invasive treatment options compared to men, even with similar symptoms.
Women face time poverty, hindering access to essential services due to caregiving and income-generating duties.
The GDI (Gender-related Development Index) measures gender inequalities across dimensions like life expectancy, knowledge, and standard of living.

Race and Health

Historical and ongoing racial disparities affect disease frequency, treatment, and outcomes in the U.S.
Factors like socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and access to healthcare contribute to racial health differences.
Racial differences in disease incidence, severity, progression, and treatment response are often seen.
Life expectancy varies considerably between racial groups, with significant gaps.
Differences in healthcare access, including insurance, disproportionately affect minority groups.

Intersectionality

Intersectionality highlights how overlapping social identities create unique experiences of oppression and discrimination.
It recognizes how identities like race, gender, and socioeconomic status interact in shaping health outcomes.
Health-related stigma interacts with other social marginalization factors, leading to compounding effects on individuals.
Stigma affects access to healthcare, employment, and education.

Implicit Bias

Implicit bias (unconscious bias) refers to stereotypes that influence understanding, actions and decisions unconsciously.
It's pervasive, affecting even those committed to impartiality.
Implicit and explicit biases can be related and reinforce each other.
Implicit biases are malleable and can be unlearned.
Healthcare professionals often experience implicit bias which can affect their interactions with patients, leading to discriminatory behavior.
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a measure of implicit bias.

Social determinants of health are social and economic factors influencing health.
They are influenced by economic, power, and resource factors.
The Determinants include:
Genes and biology (e.g., sex, age)
Health behaviors (e.g., smoking, drug use)
Social environment (e.g., discrimination, income, gender)
Physical environment (e.g., where someone lives, crowding)
Health services (e.g., access to care, insurance)
These determinants create health disparities and inequities.

Psychology of Scarcity

Scarcity theory explains how a feeling of scarcity affects decision-making and behavior.
Poverty triggers an attention focus on immediate needs, causing difficulties with future planning.
It can lead to behaviors that perpetuate scarcity.

Education and Health

Higher education levels are strongly associated with better health outcomes, longer lifespans, and more years in good health.
Strong correlation between educational attainment and overall health.

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Description

Explore the intricate relationship between social identities and health disparities. This quiz delves into how group memberships and historical contexts influence health outcomes and contribute to inequities in healthcare access. Understand the systemic factors that lead to preventable differences in health among various social groups.