Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

• Social influences which affect a person's birth, growth, living, working, and aging conditions.
• These conditions are influenced by resource distribution of money and power at local, national, and global levels.
• SDH are mostly responsible for unfair and avoidable health differences called health inequities within and between different countries.
• SDH impacts one's ability to adopt healthy lifestyles which can be environmental, lifestyle-related, or both.
• SDH strongly affects health development for children and determines strength of community and its challenges.
• SDH are social, economic, and environmental factors that shape individual/community health outcomes, which influence health directly and ability to lead a healthy lifestyle.

SDH in Healthy Lifestyles

• SDH plays a key role in adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyles.
• Income, education and affordable access to resources like healthy food and safe spaces for exercise enable or hinder choices.
• Low income individuals face barriers when purchasing nutritious food, accessing health, or participating in physical activities.
• Socio-economic factors limit engagement in health behaviors and prevent management of chronic conditions.

Environmental and Lifestyle SDH Factors

• SDH result from combining environmental and lifestyle factors
• Built environment elements like housing conditions, neighborhood safety, and air quality affect overall health.
• Lifestyle decisions include diet, exercise, or smoking.
• Environmental factors like pollution, lack of clean water, and unsafe living conditions raise disease risk.
• Lifestyle factors like inactive behavior, smoking, and unhealthy eating are contributors to diabetes, obesity, & heart issues.
• Environmental and lifestyle factors are interconnected and reinforce to worsen health problems.
• Crime or poor living can produce higher stress which is related to unhealthy behaviors such as smoking/overeating.

Impact of SDH on Children

• SDH especially affects developing child health during early childhood when growth is sensitive to ecological influences.
• Housing, nutrition, parental education, socioeconomic factors, and access to healthcare determines child development quality.
• Children in poverty lacking education access, good nutrition, and unsafe environments often experience developmental delays/health issues.
• Air pollution exposure or limited health access for kids can cause respiratory issues/developmental impairments.
• Supportive families, good nutrition, and quality education access allow children to have better mental and physical health results.

Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses

• SDH helps find strengths/challenges within a community.
• Higher socioeconomic status communities with educational opportunities and social networks tend have better health outcomes via collective support and resource access.
• Economic problems, lack of quality education or social isolation results in health problems.
• Poor mental health, lower life expectancy, and chronic illness can also occur.
• Health professionals use SDH to find resources/service gaps, and areas to improve overall community health.
• Improving education access and addressing societal inequalities to improve health and strengthen communities.

Summary of SDH Influence

• SDH significantly influences an individual's, and community's overall health by shaping healthy lifestyles, child development, and recognizing strengths and community challenges.
• By identifying SDH roles, health professionals understand environmental, social, and economic factors that call for effective public health interventions.
• Addressing underlying causes results in community health promotion and reducing health inequities..

SDH in the Context of New Zealand

• SDH is a major influencer on how people access health services, especially regarding marginalized populations
• SDH promotes health inequities; it is important to address them to ensure all New Zealanders have needed healthcare access.

Economic Stability in New Zealand

• Income is a significant aspect of whether people can access health services in New Zealand.
• Low income populations have issues covering GP visits, medication prescriptions
• Community Services Card helps eligible citizens to get subsidies, some find costs prohibitive.
• Employment plays a part, as those in low-paying or precarious jobs lack paid sick leave, making it hard for them to get care.
• Those who lack paid sick leave or are jobless/work in informal sectors also may not have access to workplace/health insurance.
• Reduced income can also incentivize patients delaying seeking healthcare until they require emergency services.

Geographic Location SDH Factor

• Location affects health service access in New Zealand.
• Those living in rural and remote areas face various difficulties when getting health services versus those in metro areas.
• Provider shortages mean citizens travel great distances to get care.
• Underfunded health services can also delay diagnosis and treatment in rural areas.
• Rural residents find attending appointments difficult due to lack of vehicle access and public transport options.
• City populations generally have more access to public healthcare options, healthcare experts, and an expanded range of services.

Cultural and Language Barriers

• Cultural and language differences can create significant barriers when people access health services, especially for immigrants, Pasifika & Maori.
• Mistrust stems from past abuse and inequities against Maori and Pasifika people during colonization.
• Accessing health services can be hindered by language barriers, particularly regarding immigrants with limited English.
• Health services do not always offer interpretation, making it hard for citizens to adequately interact with providers
• Incompetent hospital may affect health experiences leading to poorer outcomes so cultural safety is very important.

Relevance of Education, Literacy & Health

• A strong association between education and health literacy and the capacity to get around in or navigate the system.
• Lack of medical awareness or the potential to recognize the need for it is caused by low education and health literacy.
• Difficulty following instructions, controlling health conditions, or finding healthcare information stems from low health literacy.
• Delays in treatment can lead to poor results.
• Increased amounts of education empowers people to know their rights, find their way around the health system, and advocate to get services.

Health Insurance Factors

• Gaps in coverage occurs even when healthcare is publicly available for elective surgery/specialist care.
• An inability to purchase private insurance for reasons of cost, employment may lead to long delays/non-urgent procedure services.
• Low income citizens may wait longer to get services or can't afford certain procedures as private insurance is unaffordable.

Housing and Living Conditions

• Lack of stable housing impacts accessibility and health directly.
• Overcrowded and inadequate housing increases likelihood of infectious or respiratory illnesses and issues with mental health.
• Lack of transportation/basic amenities makes healthcare less convenient leading to reluctance to get treatment.
• Poor health literacy from lacking opportunity or space for health-related pursuits impacts general safety.

Impact of Social Support and Stigma

• Good social support, networks like friends and family enable citizens to easily get health services.
• Reminders for appointments, emotional support, and transportation all stem from them.
• Feeling lonely/isolated can present access difficulties, and senior citizens, migrants might find it hard to access hospital.
• Reluctance/avoidance occurs because vulnerable citizens will be discriminated against, or face humiliation, in attempt to get hospital.

Eliminating Systemic Barriers in Healthcare

• Actions needed requires cultural competence, diversity of training in the healthcare sector, applying culturally applicable care to facilitate inclusion.
• Financial concerns, cultural/geographic constraints, and literacy/housing levels all affect individual capability to easily get services.
• Overcoming problems can be done through public policy, heath programmers focused to meet many requirements and to give all citizens fair and same treatment.

Evolving Role of Nursing

• The nursing role has evolved to handle an aging population with chronic conditions by having expertise with sensitivity, coordination.
• Nurses play a vital role in diabetes care by providing education, and managing basic health requirements.

Healthcare Challenges and Governmental Responses

• Healthcare services face pressure from COVID-19, staff burnout and shortages.
• Efficient performance is enforced by nurses triaging patient as workload is met.
• The government, including healthcare settings, can impact personal choices through campaigns, treatment, or education
• Tobacco control programmes and nutrition initiatives is one approach and nurses promote healthy lifestyles through classes/counselling, & backing.

Nursing Adaptations

• Nurses played important positions throughout COVID-19 response by improving help and access.
• New service models and technology was adopted through culturally sensitive health knowledge, testing, and inoculations.
• Mental aid and support was given so effects to people and networks from the epidemic lessened.

Nurses Key COVID responsibilities

• Clinics and mobile equipment facilities for nurses gave widespread vaccine deployment/testing.
• Mobile and drive vaccination assisted with reduced mobility issues as nurses adapted.
• Monitoring the COVID-positivity and quarantine assistance became part of nurse responsibility.
• Telehealth and virtual follow-ups enabled nurse contact without physical intervention.
• Well-being lessons on epidemic anticipation, masking, and health was a community health function of nurses.
• Online platforms and social media tailored communication for Pacifica, Maori, and minority communities.
• Psychiatric aid was offered and support facilities connected, to nurses gave intellectual support through telehealth to treat solitude and continue care.
• Required care and defense was made by nurses for the chronically endangered/ill.
• House calls and equipment helped safeguard the susceptible from disease/publicity.
• Safety standards had assistance and oversight made by nurses tracking those under quarantine.
• Virtual appointments limited physical encounters but gave protection.

Community Health Concepts

• Community well-being consists of community health, which involves mental, emotional, and physical dimensions of personal well-being.
• Collaborative engagement is needed between policy creates and health professionals in improving overall health.

Primary Healthcare Essentials

• Essential or globally accessible, affordable attention describes main focus of healthcare that guarantees touch with health system.
• Total wellness is an essential ingredient, with the integration of education, wealth, job all taken into consideration when getting access to medical.
• Equity, participation, accessibility is core aspects at the primary level, specifically as emphasized in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration.

Main Principles for Excellent Primary Care

• Quality, impartial, and fair attention need health programs to actively involve society while making resources viable, funding, and establishing regulations for lasting strength.
• Coordination of well-being requires merging health initiatives with training, homes, and ecosystem.
• Building programs to assist in prevention, attention, and encouragement entails emphasizing growth and prevention of any condition.

Community Growth

• Social enhancement and civic growth is just as important in improving health, requiring cooperation from all officials to develop community assistance.

Challenges and the Role of Health Workers

• Health professionals, communities, and governments create solutions to counter obstacles, address variations to increase reach.
• Facilitation, teaching, and promoters are all roles should care work, with health professionals helping people, giving access, ensuring training, and also building care access.

The Meaning of SDH

• SDH is essential, encompassing working life, growing habits and broader influences that forms living conditions, that affects general/personal well-being.
• Economic, social and education, the environment, and health accessibility are all components of SDH.

SDH Impacts on Community Health

• Economic independence through work, investment, and health access can significantly improve wellness, and financial difficulties add to problems of mental health.
• Enhanced health, improved literacy, and increased life expectancy all follow when getting higher learnings while communities with strong assistance have effective physical/mental wellness.
• Barriers like cost, where it's being delivered, and insurance prevent getting the quality attention that enhances management/treatment.
• Neighborhoods and the ecosystems affects health, neighborhoods also lead to emotional, high illness, and stress.

Health Inequities

• Marginalized ethnic societies, and financial hardship/discriminated have poor wellness as driven high by social forces. These disparities in societal determinants lead to decreased standard of life/mental stability.

Importance of the Health System

• A good health system helps to remedy but can't get rid of causes from SDH, emphasizing policy, intervention, and common support.
• To enhance societal/health conditions it pushes authorities/professionals are highly urged that recommend SDH plans are made.

Global Perceptive in Healthcare

• Worldwide issues influence native determinants, making WHO a major team in overcoming social determinants and resolving worldwide problems.
• Worldwide collaboration is essential because the globe is closely linked.

Action and Politics

• Community and cross departmental strategy and wellness regulations/plans must include societal determinants.

Action Framework

• Strategies that include empowerment and developing help populations to meet health requirements, also incorporating wellness into approach/plans.
• SDH is essential, supporting people's wellness, and that a holistic strategy is used with health programs, resolving poor origin, and tackling societal problems.

Understanding Nursing in Healthcare

• The ability of a nurse is to acknowledge the limitations, proficiency, and workplace in the healthcare workplace.

Skills of Enrolled Nurses

• Under registered nurses direction, education is given, with support given through hospitals.
• While the registered nurse holds overcare, enrolled nurse has to take part offering assistance as it contributes to improving patients.
• Necessary everyday care is ensured by enrolled nurses, which can be developed through education.

Registered Nurse Job Role

• Judgement should be exercised with complicated situations, with general functions used to better health.
• Evaluating and creating ideas needs registered RN and education must reflect that.

Scope of Advanced Practice

• Autonomy is granted with assistance from professional group and can handle circumstances of common complexity.
• Nurses applying for permit through registration must meet minimal requirements, with stressors such as labor, low staff that can manifest into harassing behaviors

Nurses Accountability

• All practitioners have accountability by the nurse's code which states to take responsibility for the work.
• Maintaining awareness in abilities also helps to improve care.

Requirements to Declare an APC

• Annual practice licenses are awarded with meeting requirements and are available of the amount of work practice done.
• Honesty is necessary to follow code that ensures professional is meeting competence and should be displayed all times.

Delegated Authority

• The nurse's role is to delegate work fairly to health service personnel.
• Education of patient data has to stay secret throughout care.

Registered Care Standards

• Registered nurses work close with Enrolled Nurses and the guidance shows this, stating to make judgements fairly always.

Accountability

• Enrolled nurses are responsible and be fair throughout and nurses are responsible to find and implement care.

Direction

• The Nursing Council determines that direction needs active participation where guidance is constantly examined and where the registered is both present, helping to assist.
• When nurses make decisions, they must recognize the nurse is always observing and at the same location.

Transfer of Responsibility

• The shift or movement to give duty should assist personnel to act within secure measures, with registered being liable.

Patient Scenario

• Review how these steps influence healthcare settings where nurses are delegated the action and what's required for appropriate action.

Registered Nursing in the Profession

• A Nurse Council regulates to respect cultural safety with competence across service.
• Professional businesses provide direction with education being crucial and are there for work/professional rights.
• The Maori and New Zealand teams address specific community to give standards during professional activity.

Regulations/Nursing Guidelines

• In New Zealand, nurses are responsible for adhering to appropriate rules, setting competence, evaluating providers, investigating action, and more. They also must advocate the Council's job to help. Nurses are also responsible when there are challenges of racism.

Requirements and Nurse Accountability

• Being competent requires practice hours, continual expertise, and showing any disciplinary acts at declaration annually.
• Honesty is crucial and competence shows competence and to find aid for patients.

Standards & Principles

• Wellness and safety is of great meaning in the workforce and professionals are regulated by the Health Practitioners Competence Act.
• The guidelines give the system for actions, ethics to give the public and all healthcare personnel are held to that regard

Reviewing the Code of Conduct

• Standards are in Code of Conduct for ethical practice, encouraging the nurses to be respectful.
• Nurses are required to follow security measurements, and work through what might influence relationships/attention.
• Nursing should come from a spot of regard making security, awareness to keep values to help cultural foundations.

Standards to Give Assistance Fairly

• By giving the right tools and assistance, equality is achieved. With expertise from nurses, autonomy, support it improves health.
• The power dynamics also creates opportunity, it is used to influence or understand for an approach that includes respect, safety.

Provision For Ethics

• By endorsing welfare, patients are enabled to have greater self direction when using equitable care. The principles by te trinita ensure equality, wellness, ethics and all steps with the plan.

Power Dynamic

• By respecting and understanding the nurse is expected to honor traditions of people, the Whanau is involved
• Through this method, it is easy to come up with the best way to give care. For safety, it shows honesty as respect for all.

Respect

• Through reverence of one's self-direction, the nurse has shown to empower all to treat with respect and fairness.