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Questions and Answers
What does the Representative Heuristic rely on when making judgments?
What does the Representative Heuristic rely on when making judgments?
In the experiment conducted by Fischhoff and Bar-Hillel, what was the primary factor that influenced participant responses?
In the experiment conducted by Fischhoff and Bar-Hillel, what was the primary factor that influenced participant responses?
What did the majority of participants in the high lawyer Base-Rate group choose as the occupation of the person in the study?
What did the majority of participants in the high lawyer Base-Rate group choose as the occupation of the person in the study?
Which of the following best describes the Anchoring/Adjustment strategy?
Which of the following best describes the Anchoring/Adjustment strategy?
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What would likely happen if participants were given a higher anchor when estimating the number of U.S. states in 1840?
What would likely happen if participants were given a higher anchor when estimating the number of U.S. states in 1840?
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What characteristic is essential for a question to be considered a social psychological inquiry?
What characteristic is essential for a question to be considered a social psychological inquiry?
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Why might someone under the influence of the Representative Heuristic make an erroneous judgment regarding a profession?
Why might someone under the influence of the Representative Heuristic make an erroneous judgment regarding a profession?
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During the study, participants had to categorize a person based on which two professions?
During the study, participants had to categorize a person based on which two professions?
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What characterizes automatic thinking?
What characterizes automatic thinking?
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What is the primary function of a schema?
What is the primary function of a schema?
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How does expertise affect schema accessibility?
How does expertise affect schema accessibility?
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What is priming in social cognition?
What is priming in social cognition?
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Which of the following best describes cognitive misers?
Which of the following best describes cognitive misers?
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What leads to the increased accessibility of schemas according to the content?
What leads to the increased accessibility of schemas according to the content?
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In the context of Higgins, Rholes, and Jones (1977), what was the primary focus of their two-part study?
In the context of Higgins, Rholes, and Jones (1977), what was the primary focus of their two-part study?
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How does having a specific goal influence cognition?
How does having a specific goal influence cognition?
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What is the main limitation of the observational and archival analysis methods in psychological research?
What is the main limitation of the observational and archival analysis methods in psychological research?
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Which of the following correctly describes correlation?
Which of the following correctly describes correlation?
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What describes an extraneous variable in a correlational study?
What describes an extraneous variable in a correlational study?
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What does external validity refer to in an experiment?
What does external validity refer to in an experiment?
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Which principle emphasizes psychologists' responsibility to do no harm?
Which principle emphasizes psychologists' responsibility to do no harm?
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Which method is primarily used to establish cause and effect relationships in psychology?
Which method is primarily used to establish cause and effect relationships in psychology?
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What is psychological realism concerned with?
What is psychological realism concerned with?
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What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?
What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?
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What is a key characteristic of positive correlation?
What is a key characteristic of positive correlation?
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In which type of experiment are confounding variables minimized?
In which type of experiment are confounding variables minimized?
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What does internal validity ensure in experimental research?
What does internal validity ensure in experimental research?
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Why might deception be used in psychological research?
Why might deception be used in psychological research?
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What is the primary outcome of using random assignment in experiments?
What is the primary outcome of using random assignment in experiments?
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What is a key characteristic of field experiments?
What is a key characteristic of field experiments?
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What is the purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
What is the purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
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Who stated that 'man is by nature a social animal'?
Who stated that 'man is by nature a social animal'?
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What can be concluded about the withdrawal of data after deception in research?
What can be concluded about the withdrawal of data after deception in research?
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What does B.F. Skinner emphasize in his approach to psychology?
What does B.F. Skinner emphasize in his approach to psychology?
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Which term refers to the belief that one's interpretation reflects objective reality?
Which term refers to the belief that one's interpretation reflects objective reality?
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Kurt Lewin's equation B = f(P,E) means that behavior is a function of what?
Kurt Lewin's equation B = f(P,E) means that behavior is a function of what?
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What does Gestalt Psychology prioritize in understanding experiences?
What does Gestalt Psychology prioritize in understanding experiences?
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The Hostile Media Phenomenon demonstrates which of the following?
The Hostile Media Phenomenon demonstrates which of the following?
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According to social psychology, what influences thoughts, behaviors, and emotions?
According to social psychology, what influences thoughts, behaviors, and emotions?
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Which concept suggests that the interpretation of a social situation is subjective?
Which concept suggests that the interpretation of a social situation is subjective?
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Study Notes
Automaticity
- Automatic thinking is unconscious, effortless, and unintentional.
- Cognitive misers utilize shortcuts to process information efficiently.
- Schemas are mental structures that organize knowledge about the world and guide perception, attention, and memory.
- Accessibility of schemas can be enhanced by expertise, specific goals, or recent experiences.
- Priming increases the accessibility of relevant traits and concepts through recent experiences.
Key Research on Social Cognition
- Higgins, Rholes, and Jones (1977) explored how memory and perception are influenced by positive or negative applicable words.
- The Representative Heuristic judges attributes based on how well they match existing schemas.
- Fischhoff and Bar-Hillel (1984) demonstrated that people often favor representative information over base-rate information in categorizing individuals.
Heuristics and Biases
- Anchoring/Adjustment occurs when an initial piece of information influences subsequent judgments.
- Correlation does not imply causation; variables may correlate due to extraneous or confounding variables.
- Experimental designs are crucial for establishing cause-and-effect relationships, with independent and dependent variables clearly identified.
Research Methods in Social Psychology
- Empirical questions are essential for social psychological investigation.
- Confirmation bias occurs when individuals search for information that supports pre-existing beliefs.
- Different research methods include observational studies, archival analysis, and the correlational method.
Ethical Considerations
- Principles like beneficence, nonmaleficence, and respect for individuals’ rights govern research.
- Deception in research is acceptable if justified by significant scientific value and explained appropriately.
Introduction to Social Psychology
- Aristotle described humans as social animals, emphasizing the importance of social connections for mental health.
- Different psychological perspectives include Freud's internal focus, Skinner's environmental determinism, and Lewin's interactionist approach.
- Social psychology examines how thoughts, behaviors, and emotions are influenced by the presence of others, real or imagined.
Construal and Social Perception
- Construal refers to individual interpretations and perceptions of social situations.
- Gestalt psychology emphasizes the subjective experience over objective reality.
- Naïve realism leads individuals to believe their perspective reflects reality, often disregarding differing viewpoints.
- The Hostile Media Phenomenon illustrates how biases can affect perceptions of media coverage based on personal beliefs.
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Description
Test your understanding of social cognition concepts, including automatic thinking and schemas. Explore how cognitive shortcuts influence our perception and decision-making processes. Gain insights into how we organize our knowledge of the world.
