Social Cognition Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the Representative Heuristic rely on when making judgments?

Statistical analysis

Base-Rate information

Schema and expectations (correct)

Historical evidence

In the experiment conducted by Fischhoff and Bar-Hillel, what was the primary factor that influenced participant responses?

The Base-Rate information provided (correct)

The complexity of the situation

The representative data presented

The age of the participants

What did the majority of participants in the high lawyer Base-Rate group choose as the occupation of the person in the study?

Worker

Lawyer (correct)

Engineer

Freelancer

Which of the following best describes the Anchoring/Adjustment strategy?

Adjusting an answer based on a starting value Signup and view all the answers

What would likely happen if participants were given a higher anchor when estimating the number of U.S. states in 1840?

They would likely guess a higher number Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for a question to be considered a social psychological inquiry?

It must be based on empirical data Signup and view all the answers

Why might someone under the influence of the Representative Heuristic make an erroneous judgment regarding a profession?

They emphasize similarity to known examples Signup and view all the answers

During the study, participants had to categorize a person based on which two professions?

Lawyer and Engineer Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes automatic thinking?

It is unconscious and effortless. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a schema?

To organize and influence memory. Signup and view all the answers

How does expertise affect schema accessibility?

It increases the likelihood of using schemas related to that expertise. Signup and view all the answers

What is priming in social cognition?

A way to increase the accessibility of schemas and concepts based on recent experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cognitive misers?

They tend to use the easiest and least effortful thought processes. Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the increased accessibility of schemas according to the content?

Recent experiences, expertise, and specific goals. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Higgins, Rholes, and Jones (1977), what was the primary focus of their two-part study?

The impact of negative and positive words on person perception. Signup and view all the answers

How does having a specific goal influence cognition?

It heightens awareness of related information and schemas relevant to that goal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of the observational and archival analysis methods in psychological research?

They do not explain why behaviors occur. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes correlation?

A statistical estimate indicating the strength of association between two variables. Signup and view all the answers

What describes an extraneous variable in a correlational study?

A variable that could explain the correlation observed between the two main variables. Signup and view all the answers

What does external validity refer to in an experiment?

How well the results generalize to other situations or people Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes psychologists' responsibility to do no harm?

Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Signup and view all the answers

Which method is primarily used to establish cause and effect relationships in psychology?

Experimental method. Signup and view all the answers

What is psychological realism concerned with?

Studying behaviors rather than just outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?

It is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of positive correlation?

Both variables increase or both decrease together. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of experiment are confounding variables minimized?

Laboratory experiments Signup and view all the answers

What does internal validity ensure in experimental research?

Only the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

Why might deception be used in psychological research?

To ensure the validity of the results Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of using random assignment in experiments?

It minimizes differences among groups before treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of field experiments?

They are conducted in natural settings Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

To ensure ethical standards are met in research studies Signup and view all the answers

Who stated that 'man is by nature a social animal'?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the withdrawal of data after deception in research?

Only a small percentage of participants choose to withdraw Signup and view all the answers

What does B.F. Skinner emphasize in his approach to psychology?

The influence of external environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the belief that one's interpretation reflects objective reality?

Naïve Realism Signup and view all the answers

Kurt Lewin's equation B = f(P,E) means that behavior is a function of what?

The individual and their environment Signup and view all the answers

What does Gestalt Psychology prioritize in understanding experiences?

Subjective experiences of individuals Signup and view all the answers

The Hostile Media Phenomenon demonstrates which of the following?

Objective media coverage is perceived as biased. Signup and view all the answers

According to social psychology, what influences thoughts, behaviors, and emotions?

The presence of other people Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that the interpretation of a social situation is subjective?

Construal Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Automaticity

Automatic thinking is unconscious, effortless, and unintentional.
Cognitive misers utilize shortcuts to process information efficiently.
Schemas are mental structures that organize knowledge about the world and guide perception, attention, and memory.
Accessibility of schemas can be enhanced by expertise, specific goals, or recent experiences.
Priming increases the accessibility of relevant traits and concepts through recent experiences.

Higgins, Rholes, and Jones (1977) explored how memory and perception are influenced by positive or negative applicable words.
The Representative Heuristic judges attributes based on how well they match existing schemas.
Fischhoff and Bar-Hillel (1984) demonstrated that people often favor representative information over base-rate information in categorizing individuals.

Heuristics and Biases

Anchoring/Adjustment occurs when an initial piece of information influences subsequent judgments.
Correlation does not imply causation; variables may correlate due to extraneous or confounding variables.
Experimental designs are crucial for establishing cause-and-effect relationships, with independent and dependent variables clearly identified.

Empirical questions are essential for social psychological investigation.
Confirmation bias occurs when individuals search for information that supports pre-existing beliefs.
Different research methods include observational studies, archival analysis, and the correlational method.

Ethical Considerations

Principles like beneficence, nonmaleficence, and respect for individuals’ rights govern research.
Deception in research is acceptable if justified by significant scientific value and explained appropriately.

Aristotle described humans as social animals, emphasizing the importance of social connections for mental health.
Different psychological perspectives include Freud's internal focus, Skinner's environmental determinism, and Lewin's interactionist approach.
Social psychology examines how thoughts, behaviors, and emotions are influenced by the presence of others, real or imagined.

Construal refers to individual interpretations and perceptions of social situations.
Gestalt psychology emphasizes the subjective experience over objective reality.
Naïve realism leads individuals to believe their perspective reflects reality, often disregarding differing viewpoints.
The Hostile Media Phenomenon illustrates how biases can affect perceptions of media coverage based on personal beliefs.

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Description

Test your understanding of social cognition concepts, including automatic thinking and schemas. Explore how cognitive shortcuts influence our perception and decision-making processes. Gain insights into how we organize our knowledge of the world.