Questions and Answers
What is artisan republicanism?
What was the effect of the industrial revolution on labor?
As factories increased, more people became wage-earners who worked under an employer.
What are unions?
Organizations of similar workers that bargained with employers over wages, hours, and benefits.
What does the labor theory of value entail?
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How did the industrial revolution affect urban vs. rural areas?
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What were the new social classes in the North?
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What characterized social classes in the South?
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What was the effect of the cotton boom on southern hierarchy?
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What was the gang-labor system?
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Who were the elite after the industrial revolution?
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Who constituted the middle class?
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What is a self-made man?
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What concerns did the middle class have regarding social reforms?
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What was the state of social mobility during and after the industrial revolution?
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What were the effects of lack of mobility on the working class?
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What was notable about immigration during this period?
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What was the response to Irish Catholic immigrants?
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What is demographic transition?
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What is republican motherhood?
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How did the political role of women change?
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What was the changing attitude towards slavery?
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What was the purpose of the American Colonization Society?
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Study Notes
Artisan Republicanism
- Artisans advocated for liberty and equality, promoting small-scale production.
- Ideology emerged prior to the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing independence among workers.
Industrial Revolution's Impact on Labor
- Factories shifted labor dynamics, creating wage-earners dependent on employers.
- Labor transformed into a commodity; workers no longer owned the means of production.
Formation of Unions
- Unions emerged as collective organizations for workers to negotiate rights with employers.
- Struggled for legal recognition, focusing on wages, hours, benefits, and workplace conditions.
Labor Theory of Value
- Human labor is viewed as the foundation of economic value.
- Product pricing should reflect the work invested, with most profits returning to the laborer.
Urbanization and the Industrial Revolution
- The transition from water-powered mills to steam engines led industries to relocate to urban areas.
- This shift resulted in significant population growth in cities.
New Social Classes in the North
- Emerged a small, wealthy business elite alongside a sizable propertyless wage-earning class.
- Diverse economic opportunities contributed to the formation of this social structure.
Southern Social Class Structure
- Dominated by wealthy plantation owners, with a layer of poorer yeoman farmers and a large enslaved population.
- Economic disparities fostered a clear hierarchy within southern society.
Cotton Boom Effects on Southern Society
- The cotton industry greatly enriched the elite, leading to greater wealth concentration.
- Backcountry yeoman farmers experienced severe economic difficulties.
Gang-Labor System
- A productive discipline strategy used on southern plantations during the mid-1800s.
- Supervised by white overseers and black drivers to maximize slave productivity.
Post-Industrial Revolution Elite
- Included merchants, manufacturers, bankers, and landlords.
- Benefited from government policies favoring tariffs over income or estate taxes.
Composition of the Middle Class
- Comprised prosperous farmers, artisans, and traders who enjoyed increased disposable income.
- The availability of inexpensive manufactured goods facilitated their rise.
Concept of the Self-Made Man
- Celebrated the ideal of individuals ascending to wealth from modest beginnings.
- Highlighted virtues of hard work, discipline, and temperance in personal success narratives.
Middle Class and Social Reform Movements
- Many middle-class individuals, particularly women, pushed for reforms focused on morality and education.
- Emphasized principles of temperance and frugality.
Social Mobility Trends
- Industrial changes impeded the traditional paths to upward mobility, such as apprenticeships.
- Workers often found themselves confined to unskilled factory jobs, diminishing opportunities for advancement.
Consequences of Stagnant Mobility on the Working Class
- Declining morale among workers led to increased alcohol dependency and a reduced work ethic.
- Heightened tensions developed between the working class and elite.
Immigration Patterns
- Significant influx of Irish Catholics settled primarily in urban areas.
- German immigrants sought agricultural opportunities, moving westward.
Nativist Reactions to Immigrants
- Nativism emerged in response to fears about job competition and cultural differences.
- Concerns also arose regarding the influence of the Catholic Church among Irish immigrants.
Demographic Shifts
- In the 1790s, birthrates decreased, influenced by later childbirth among women and fewer children in middle-class families.
- Young men's migration westward contributed to this demographic transition.
Republican Motherhood Ideology
- Promoted the view that women's key role was to instill patriotic values and civic virtue in their children.
- Emphasized women's influence on shaping future republican citizens.
Evolving Roles of Women in Politics
- The ideology of the cult of domesticity delineated distinct spheres for men (work and politics) and women (home).
- Women gained political influence indirectly through social movements, particularly temperance and abolitionism.
Changing Perspectives on Slavery
- Gradual increase in abolitionist sentiments, especially in northern states during this era.
- Heightened discussions around the morality and future of slavery in the United States.
American Colonization Society Goals
- An organization formed by elite individuals advocating for gradual emancipation of slaves.
- Proposed sending freed individuals to Africa, particularly Liberia, and compensating slave owners.
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Explore the significant social changes during the early 1800s through this flashcard quiz. Focus on key concepts such as artisan republicanism and the effects of the industrial revolution on labor. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of this transformative period in history.