Social Change in Rural and Urban Society

Changes that significantly alter the fundamental structure of a society or situation over time.

The theory that human beings evolved from simpler life forms over a long period, eventually leading to the emergence of modern humans.

The application of Darwin's theory of evolution to social phenomena, emphasizing the importance of adaptation and change in social systems.

Rapid and sudden changes, often associated with political upheavals and the overthrow of power structures.

Change that occurs gradually and over a long period, often involving adaptation and adjustment.

The use of paper currency instead of precious metals like gold and silver.

The value of a coin directly linked to the amount of precious metal it contains.

Change that affects a large portion of society.

The state of society where stability and order are maintained through shared values, customs, and rules.

The process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors expected of them in their society.

A situation where individuals voluntarily follow social norms and rules because they believe in their importance.

The ability of individuals, institutions, or groups to influence the actions of others, even against their will.

A stable and consistent relationship where one entity holds power over another, leading to a predictable and settled social hierarchy.

The use of force, threats, or pressure to enforce social norms and ensure compliance.

The tendency of societies to remain stable and resistant to major change, especially when those in power benefit from the existing order.

The process of actively maintaining and perpetuating social patterns, values, and norms.

The idea that the influence of religion varies depending on the social context.

Max Weber's study demonstrating how certain Protestant beliefs contributed to the rise of capitalism.

Women's roles in wartime led to increased recognition of their capabilities and contributed to the advancement of equality.

Women's purchasing decisions significantly influence advertising, impacting media content and portrayals.

Describes how changes in women's economic roles ripple through society, altering social norms, media representations, and societal perspectives.

The act of reclaiming national identity and pride through sporting victories, especially against colonizers, can be seen as a form of resistance against dominant powers.

A social change often stems from the desire to challenge existing power structures and assert a group's identity.

Sports, specifically cricket, became a platform for showcasing national pride and demonstrating resilience against colonial rule.

The process of converting a lower-income urban neighbourhood into a wealthier one, typically through new home construction or renovations, increased property values, and changing demographics.

Originally referring to designated areas where Jews lived in medieval Europe, "ghetto" now refers to neighborhoods with a high concentration of people sharing similar characteristics like religion, ethnicity, or caste.

The process of creating ghettos by concentrating a single group of people within a mixed neighbourhood, often through social and economic factors.

The process of making something legitimate or acceptable, establishing its validity or rightfulness.

Public transportation systems designed for moving large numbers of people quickly and efficiently, often within cities.

Power vested in individuals or groups that are accepted as legitimate, often through institutions like law enforcement or government.

The ability of individuals to express themselves freely without fear of reprisal, especially in rural areas where social ties and proximity are strong.

The power structure in rural areas where a dominant group controls resources, employment, and social influence.

The difficulty faced by individuals in rural areas to dissent or challenge the dominant group due to close social relationships, lack of anonymity, and control over resources.

The impact of social change, particularly land reform, on power dynamics in rural societies.

The emergence of groups like 'dominant castes' in rural India due to land reforms, increased influence, and control over resources.

The ability for a group to influence elections through their majority, particularly in rural areas where power is concentrated.

The process of gradual change in rural areas with slow adaptation to new ideas and power structures.

The impact of societal norms, structure, and relationships on the way rural communities operate and evolve.

Only the state, through its authorized representatives, has the legal right to use violence. All other acts of violence are considered illegal.

When someone commits a crime like assault, they are not just harming an individual but also challenging the state's authority to maintain order.

Violence disrupts social order and can be a sign of serious issues within a society, often caused by social tensions.

Violence is a form of contestation that goes beyond breaking the law; it also breaks social norms and expectations.

When violence occurs, it often indicates that people's needs and demands are not being met through peaceful means.

The shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled agriculture led to changes in social structure, such as the development of surplus, wealth accumulation, and specialized jobs.

The emergence of surplus, which was more than what was needed for survival, allowed for wealth accumulation and social inequalities to develop.

As agriculture became more complex, people began to specialize in different jobs, creating a more diverse division of labor.