Social Bases of Behavior Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What term describes the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information when making decisions?

  • Mere exposure effect
  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Anchoring bias (correct)
  • Groupthink

What occurs when an audience is present and negatively impacts an individual's performance?

  • Social inhibition (correct)
  • Social facilitation
  • Stereotype threat
  • Group polarization

What is likely to happen when individuals in marginalized groups perceive that a negative stereotype about their group is salient?

  • Increased confidence
  • Enhanced creativity
  • Reduced motivation
  • Impaired performance (correct)

Which concept describes the discomfort experienced when one behaves in a manner inconsistent with their existing attitude?

<p>Cognitive dissonance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect called when individuals develop more positive feelings toward an object due to increased exposure?

<p>Mere exposure effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does internal attribution refer to?

<p>Causes described as internal to the person, like personality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of groupthink, what is a significant outcome of the phenomenon?

<p>Deterioration of mental efficiency and moral judgment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the cognitive miser theory?

<p>The inclination to minimize cognitive effort and utilize shortcuts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding from LaPierre's study regarding attitudes and behaviors?

<p>Very few establishments refused service to the Chinese couple. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the autokinetic effect in psychological studies?

<p>Perceived movement of a stationary point in a dark room. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement is associated with operant conditioning as described by Skinner?

<p>Behavior can be influenced by both positive and negative reinforcement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with the Robber's Cave study conducted by Sheriff?

<p>Competition led to hostility and conflict between groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines an external attribution?

<p>It attributes cause to external factors like luck or situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental principle of social learning theory as proposed by Bandura?

<p>Behaviors are more likely to be engaged in if a model has displayed them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive dissonance, according to Festinger, occurs when individuals face discomfort due to...

<p>Behaving inconsistently with their existing attitudes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by Zimbardo, reveal about power dynamics?

<p>Authority can lead to abusive behavior in a controlled environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Latane and Darley, which factors influence whether someone will intervene in an emergency?

<p>Awareness of the incident and belief it’s an emergency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mere exposure effect, as described by Zajonc, suggests that...

<p>Repeated exposure enhances attraction even without judgments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Asch's line study, what phenomenon was demonstrated through participants conforming to incorrect majority?

<p>The impact of social influence on individual perception. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Milgram's shock study reveal about obedience to authority?

<p>People are significantly influenced by the physical appearance of authority figures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In LaPierre's study on attitudes and behavior, what was observed regarding discrimination?

<p>Individuals' attitudes did not influence their actual behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anchoring Bias

The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions, even if that information is irrelevant or inaccurate.

Prototype

The most representative example of a category.

Stereotype Threat

When a negative stereotype about a group becomes salient, performance on related tasks may suffer.

Cognitive Dissonance

The discomfort people experience when their attitudes and behaviors conflict. They adjust their attitudes to match the behavior.

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Mere Exposure Effect

Repeated exposure to something increases positive feelings towards it.

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Internal Attribution

Explaining behavior by focusing on internal factors within the person, such as personality, mood, or effort.

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External Attribution

Explaining behavior by focusing on external factors outside of the person, like the situation, luck, or other actions.

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Cognitive Miser

The tendency to avoid using mental effort whenever possible, relying on shortcuts and simplifying information.

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Autokinetic Effect

A visual illusion where a stationary light appears to move in a dark room due to our brains' perception.

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Robber's Cave Study

A study demonstrating how intergroup conflict arises when groups compete for limited resources, even if they are initially neutral.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where group pressure leads to poor decision-making, ignoring alternative viewpoints and critical thinking.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences, including positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative reinforcement (removing unpleasant stimuli).

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Positive Reinforcement

Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a rewarding stimulus after the behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus after the behavior.

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Social Learning

People are more likely to engage in a behavior they've seen modeled by someone else.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

A study simulating a prison environment, showing how power and authority can lead to abuse.

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Bystander Intervention

Helping behavior in an emergency situation.

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Conformity

Adjusting our behavior to fit in with a group, even if we disagree.

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Obedience to Authority

Following orders from someone in a position of power, even if it goes against our morals.

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Chinese Couple Study

Study examining the gap between attitudes and behaviors, showing people may hold prejudiced attitudes but act differently.

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Study Notes

Social Bases of Behavior Study Guide

  • Key Figures & Theories:

    • Freud: Psychodynamic theory, aggression builds over time and needs release; aggression/drive theory.
    • Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment, Social Learning Theory, Modeling.
    • Festinger: Cognitive Dissonance.
    • Zimbardo: Stanford Prison Experiment, "obedience to authority" not the best term.
    • Latane and Darley: Bystander effect, bystander intervention.
    • Zajonc: Mere Exposure Effect (positive feelings from repeated exposure).
    • Asch: Conformity study; conformity with different-sized lines.
    • Milgram: Obedience (shock study to confederates).
    • LaPierre: Chinese couple study; attitudes and behavior don't always align.
    • Sherif: Autokinetic effect, Robber's Cave study (boys summer camp groups).
    • Janis: Groupthink.
    • Skinner: Operant Conditioning, Skinner box (operant conditioning chamber), positive/negative reinforcement.
    • Cognitive Dissonance: Attitude change to align with a behavior.

  • Key Concepts:

    • Bystander effect and intervention
    • Mere Exposure Effect
    • Conformity
    • Obedience to authority
    • Attitudes vs. behavior (LaPierre)
    • Groupthink (Janis)
    • Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
    • Internal vs. External Attribution
    • Cognitive Miser/Naïve Scientist
    • Fundamental Attribution Error (Ross)
    • Actor-Observer bias
    • Self-serving bias
    • Social inhibition
    • Stereotype threat
    • Group cohesiveness
    • Diffusion of responsibility
    • Social learning theory
    • Aggression theories (psychodynamic, evolutionary, frustration-aggression)
    • Self-discrepancy (actual self, ideal self, ought self)
    • Cognitive Dissonance
    • Terror management theory
    • Aggression theories: psychodynamic, evolutionary, frustration-aggression, excitation-transfer
    • Classical Conditioning
    • Social Learning Theory
    • Bystander Intervention (diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, etc.)

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Social Bases of Behavior Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore key theories and influential figures in the study of social behavior. This guide covers concepts like cognitive dissonance, social learning, and obedience through classic experiments. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of psychology.

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