SOC 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What type of authority is characterized by a ruler's right to make decisions about society, often having a sacred quality?

Legal-Rational authority
Traditional authority (correct)
Totalitarian authority
Charismatic authority

Authority derived from rules and laws, residing in a position rather than an individual's qualities, is called what?

Charismatic authority
Legal-Rational authority (correct)
Democratic authority
Traditional authority

What type of authority comes from an individual's exceptional personal qualities?

Charismatic authority (correct)
Totalitarian authority
Traditional authority
Legal-Rational authority

What type of government does North Korea have, as exemplified by Kim Jong Il and Kim Il Sung's rule?

Totalitarian (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Jacobson and Rosenthal's Pygmalion in the Classroom, which statement is correct?

Students whom teachers expect to do well tend to fare better in the classroom. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the organization of school schedules around Christmas indicate?

The United States is not a totally secular society. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an authoritarian government?

People are excluded from the governing process and opposition is not usually permitted. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main characteristic of a totalitarian government.

The government has unlimited power and tolerates no opposition. Signup and view all the answers

What is a democratic political system?

A system that allows citizen input in governing and permits elections. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'cult' in the context of religious movements.

New religious movements led by charismatic leaders with few followers. Signup and view all the answers

What are sects?

Religious groups that sustain sufficiently large memberships and contradict societal norms. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'church' in sociological terms.

A large, highly organized group of believers well-integrated into society. Signup and view all the answers

What is a political system?

The set of formal legal institutions constituting a government or state. Signup and view all the answers

What is power in a social context?

The ability to get others to do what you want, even against their will. Signup and view all the answers

What does alienation refer to in a social context?

The decreasing importance of social ties and increasing impersonal associations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formal purpose of education in society?

To pass information, values, and expectations from one generation to the next. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pygmalion effect?

The idea that teachers' attitudes about their students influence academic performance. Signup and view all the answers

Define religion in sociological terms.

A unified system of beliefs and practices related to the sacred, uniting believers into a moral community. Signup and view all the answers

What is theism?

The belief in a God or gods. Signup and view all the answers

What is monotheism?

The belief in just one God, exemplified by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Signup and view all the answers

What is polytheism?

The belief in a number of gods, as seen in ancient Nordic mythology. Signup and view all the answers

What does religiosity refer to?

A strong religious feeling or belief. Signup and view all the answers

What does secularization mean?

The overall decline in the importance and power of religion. Signup and view all the answers

What is an economy?

The social system involved in the production and distribution of goods and services. Signup and view all the answers

What are resistance strategies in the workplace?

Ways that workers express discontent with their working conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a union in labor terms?

An association of workers who bargain collectively for better wages and conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does outsourcing refer to?

'Contracting out' labor to another country that a company might otherwise employ its own staff to perform. Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Authority Types

Traditional Authority: Rooted in longstanding customs; followers accept rulers' decisions, despite disagreements.
Legal-Rational Authority: Based on laws and rules; authority resides in positions rather than individuals. Outside their role, individuals have no authority.
Charismatic Authority: Derived from an individual's exceptional traits; inspires loyalty and obedience through personal qualities.

Government Types

Totalitarian Regime: Government wields unlimited power, suppresses opposition, and closely monitors citizens; human rights violations are common.
Authoritarian System: Excludes people from governance; opposition is not tolerated, and citizen's daily lives are disregarded.
Democratic System: Facilitates citizen participation in governance, allowing elections and the removal of leaders.

Education &

Pygmalion Effect: Teachers' expectations can significantly influence student performance, often unknowingly impacting outcomes.

Religion

Cult: Newly formed religious movements led by charismatic leaders; often very small and outside mainstream traditions.
Sects: Larger religious groups that oppose societal norms while being self-sustaining.
Church: A large, organized group of believers that is well-integrated into society.
Religiosity: Indicates strong feelings or beliefs regarding religion.
Secularization: Represents the decline in the significance and influence of religion.

Economic Factors

Economy: Consists of systems for producing and distributing goods and services.
Outsourcing: Process of transferring jobs or tasks to another country, often to cut costs.
Resistance Strategies: Methods used by workers to show dissatisfaction with working conditions and to reclaim control.
Union: An organization of workers that collectively negotiates for improved wages, benefits, and working conditions.

Additional Definitions

Power: The capacity to influence others' actions, even against their wishes.
Alienation: Refers to the reduced significance of social ties, leading to more impersonal relationships.
Education: The formal mechanism through which society transmits knowledge, values, and standards across generations.