Questions and Answers
What is deviance?
Behavior, ideas, and characteristics of an individual/group that violate significant social norms and are met with disapproval
What is a sanction?
Mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.
Which of the following are theories of deviance or crime? (Select all that apply)
What is primary deviation?
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What is secondary deviation?
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Which of the following are types in Robert Merton's typology of deviance? (Select all that apply)
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What is relative deprivation?
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What is white collar crime?
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What is social stratification?
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Define social class.
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How would you differentiate between income and wealth?
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Explain Marx's theory of stratification.
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What is status according to Weber?
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What is the underclass?
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What is the difference between inter-generational and intra-generational mobility?
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Describe mobility patterns.
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What are the theories of stratification?
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What is cultural capital?
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Study Notes
Deviance
- Defined as behavior, ideas, and characteristics that violate significant social norms, leading to disapproval.
- Distinct from legality; it is a neutral term in sociology, devoid of moral judgment.
Sanction
- Represents modes of reward or punishment aimed at reinforcing expected behaviors in society.
Theories of Deviance or Crime
- Strain Theory: Links deviance to the disconnect between societal goals and means, especially under poverty.
- Control Theory: Suggests social norms prevent deviance, and criminals act to maximize personal gain.
- Differential Association: Emphasizes that deviance is learned through interactions with others.
- Labeling Theory: Asserts that being labeled as deviant leads individuals to embrace that identity.
- Conflict Theory: Argues that deviance arises from inequalities in the capitalist system, often as a political act.
Primary and Secondary Deviance
- Primary Deviance: Initial acts that cause labeling as deviant.
- Secondary Deviance: Occurs when individuals accept the deviant label and begin to act accordingly.
Robert Merton's Typology of Deviance
- Classifies individuals into five responses to the conflict of societal values and means:
- Conformists: Accept both values and means.
- Innovators: Embrace values but reject traditional means, opting for illegal methods.
- Ritualists: Adhere to standards while losing sight of values.
- Retreatists: Abandon both societal values and means.
Relative Deprivation
- Refers to the sense of lacking resources when compared to peers, highlighting inequalities.
White Collar Crime
- Criminal activities conducted by individuals in professional positions, often involving financial or corporate misconduct.
Social Stratification
- Refers to structured inequalities among groups concerning access to resources, marked by distinct class divisions.
Social Class
- Indicates socioeconomic differences that lead to variations in material prosperity and power among groups.
Income vs Wealth
- Income: Earnings from wages and salaries.
- Wealth: Total monetary and material possessions held by an individual.
Marx's Theory of Stratification
- Divides society into bourgeoisie (owners of production) and proletariat (workers).
- Predicts growing economic disparity and a working-class uprising leading to communism, a classless society.
Status (Weber)
- Pertains to social prestige assigned to specific groups, often reflected in distinct lifestyles.
Underclass
- The lowest socioeconomic group, positioned below the lower class.
Inter-generational and Intra-generational Mobility
- Inter-generational Mobility: Social class movement between generations.
- Intra-generational Mobility: Movement within an individual's lifetime.
Mobility Patterns
- Upward/Downward Mobility: Transitioning between social classes.
- Structural Mobility: Class shifts affecting large groups due to economic changes.
- Exchange Mobility: Movement where talented individuals rise while less talented individuals fall.
Theories of Stratification
- Functionalism: Suggests stratification is necessary for societal function, promoting skills and rewards for important occupations.
- Conflict Theory: Posits that stratification is harmful, perpetuating inequality to benefit the wealthy at the expense of the poor.
Cultural Capital
- Encompasses knowledge and appreciation of high culture, as well as linguistic and cultural competencies, often linked to class stratification.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards for the Soc 001 final exam at UVM. Key concepts include deviance, sanctions, and theories of deviance or crime, essential for understanding sociological perspectives. Perfect for quick revisions before the exam!