Soc 001 Final Exam Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is deviance?

Behavior, ideas, and characteristics of an individual/group that violate significant social norms and are met with disapproval

What is a sanction?

Mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.

Which of the following are theories of deviance or crime? (Select all that apply)

Strain (correct)

Control (correct)

Conflict (correct)

Differential association (correct)

Behaviorism

Labeling (correct)

What is primary deviation?

The actions that cause others to label one as deviant. Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary deviation?

Following the act of primary deviation, when someone accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types in Robert Merton's typology of deviance? (Select all that apply)

Ritualists Signup and view all the answers

What is relative deprivation?

Deprivation a person feels by comparing himself with a group. Signup and view all the answers

What is white collar crime?

Criminal activities carried out by those in white collar, or professional, jobs. Signup and view all the answers

What is social stratification?

Structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to materials. Signup and view all the answers

Define social class.

Socioeconomic variations among groups of individuals that create variations of material prosperity and power. Signup and view all the answers

How would you differentiate between income and wealth?

Income is money received from paid wages and salaries; wealth is money and material possessions held by an individual. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Marx's theory of stratification.

People in a class are just people with the same means of production, divided mainly into the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Signup and view all the answers

What is status according to Weber?

The social prestige a particular group is given by other members of society. Signup and view all the answers

What is the underclass?

The poorest of the poor, below lower class. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between inter-generational and intra-generational mobility?

Inter-generational mobility is movement up or down class ladder from one generation to another; intra-generational mobility is movement within one's lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

Describe mobility patterns.

Upward/downward mobility involves moving between social classes; structural mobility involves changes in whole classes; exchange mobility involves positional exchanges on the social ladder. Signup and view all the answers

What are the theories of stratification?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural capital?

Knowledge of or taste for high culture; linguistic and cultural competencies; associated with class and stratification. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Deviance

Defined as behavior, ideas, and characteristics that violate significant social norms, leading to disapproval.
Distinct from legality; it is a neutral term in sociology, devoid of moral judgment.

Sanction

Represents modes of reward or punishment aimed at reinforcing expected behaviors in society.

Theories of Deviance or Crime

Strain Theory: Links deviance to the disconnect between societal goals and means, especially under poverty.
Control Theory: Suggests social norms prevent deviance, and criminals act to maximize personal gain.
Differential Association: Emphasizes that deviance is learned through interactions with others.
Labeling Theory: Asserts that being labeled as deviant leads individuals to embrace that identity.
Conflict Theory: Argues that deviance arises from inequalities in the capitalist system, often as a political act.

Primary and Secondary Deviance

Primary Deviance: Initial acts that cause labeling as deviant.
Secondary Deviance: Occurs when individuals accept the deviant label and begin to act accordingly.

Robert Merton's Typology of Deviance

Classifies individuals into five responses to the conflict of societal values and means:
- Conformists: Accept both values and means.
- Innovators: Embrace values but reject traditional means, opting for illegal methods.
- Ritualists: Adhere to standards while losing sight of values.
- Retreatists: Abandon both societal values and means.

Relative Deprivation

Refers to the sense of lacking resources when compared to peers, highlighting inequalities.

White Collar Crime

Criminal activities conducted by individuals in professional positions, often involving financial or corporate misconduct.

Refers to structured inequalities among groups concerning access to resources, marked by distinct class divisions.

Indicates socioeconomic differences that lead to variations in material prosperity and power among groups.

Income vs Wealth

Income: Earnings from wages and salaries.
Wealth: Total monetary and material possessions held by an individual.

Marx's Theory of Stratification

Divides society into bourgeoisie (owners of production) and proletariat (workers).
Predicts growing economic disparity and a working-class uprising leading to communism, a classless society.

Status (Weber)

Pertains to social prestige assigned to specific groups, often reflected in distinct lifestyles.

Underclass

The lowest socioeconomic group, positioned below the lower class.

Inter-generational and Intra-generational Mobility

Inter-generational Mobility: Social class movement between generations.
Intra-generational Mobility: Movement within an individual's lifetime.

Mobility Patterns

Upward/Downward Mobility: Transitioning between social classes.
Structural Mobility: Class shifts affecting large groups due to economic changes.
Exchange Mobility: Movement where talented individuals rise while less talented individuals fall.

Theories of Stratification

Functionalism: Suggests stratification is necessary for societal function, promoting skills and rewards for important occupations.
Conflict Theory: Posits that stratification is harmful, perpetuating inequality to benefit the wealthy at the expense of the poor.

Cultural Capital

Encompasses knowledge and appreciation of high culture, as well as linguistic and cultural competencies, often linked to class stratification.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards for the Soc 001 final exam at UVM. Key concepts include deviance, sanctions, and theories of deviance or crime, essential for understanding sociological perspectives. Perfect for quick revisions before the exam!