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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between physical and chemical properties?
What is the difference between physical and chemical properties?
Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance, whereas chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change.
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative physical properties?
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative physical properties?
Qualitative physical properties describe characteristics that cannot be measured, such as color and odor, whereas quantitative physical properties can be measured, such as length and mass.
What is the difference between a physical and chemical change?
What is the difference between a physical and chemical change?
A physical change involves a change in state or form, but not composition, whereas a chemical change involves a change in composition.
What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?
What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?
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What is the difference between CO and Co?
What is the difference between CO and Co?
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Distinguish between insulators and conductors. Provide two examples of each.
Distinguish between insulators and conductors. Provide two examples of each.
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What is an electroscope, and how is it used?
What is an electroscope, and how is it used?
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Why do you easily get shocked after sliding down a plastic slide? Would a metal slide produce the same result?
Why do you easily get shocked after sliding down a plastic slide? Would a metal slide produce the same result?
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How do lightning rods protect buildings from lightning?
How do lightning rods protect buildings from lightning?
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Calculate the resistance of an electrical appliance that draws 5.9A of current when connected to a 250 V power source.
Calculate the resistance of an electrical appliance that draws 5.9A of current when connected to a 250 V power source.
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Study Notes
Chemistry Review
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Physical properties: characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance
- Chemical properties: characteristics that describe the way a substance reacts with other substances
Qualitative and Quantitative Physical Properties
- Qualitative physical properties: describe the characteristics of a substance using descriptive words (e.g. color, texture, odor)
- Quantitative physical properties: describe the characteristics of a substance using numerical values (e.g. length, mass, volume)
Physical and Chemical Changes
- Physical change: a change in which the substance remains the same but its form or state changes (e.g. melting, boiling, crushing)
- Chemical change: a change in which the substance is transformed into a new substance (e.g. burning, rusting, cooking)
Matter Classification
- Pure substance: a substance that consists of only one type of matter
- Impure substance: a substance that consists of two or more different types of matter
Elements and Compounds
- Element: a pure substance that consists of only one type of atom
- Compound: a pure substance that consists of two or more different types of atoms
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures
- Homogeneous mixture: a mixture that has the same composition throughout
- Heterogeneous mixture: a mixture that has different compositions in different parts
Atomic Structure
- Bohr-Rutherford model: a model of the atom that describes the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus
- Neutrons: particles with no charge in the nucleus
- Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus
Atomic Calculations
- Finding neutrons: subtract the atomic number from the mass number
- Finding mass: add the atomic number and neutrons
- Finding the element: use the atomic number and mass number to determine the element
Metal and Non-Metal Properties
- Metals: typically shiny, conduct electricity, and are malleable
- Non-metals: typically dull, do not conduct electricity, and are brittle
Particle Theory of Matter
- Matters are made up of tiny particles called atoms
- Atoms are indivisible and indestructible
- Atoms can combine to form molecules
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
- Ionic compound: a compound formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms
- Covalent compound: a compound formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
Periodic Table
- Period: a horizontal row in the periodic table
- Group: a vertical column in the periodic table
- Chemical families: vertical columns in the periodic table with similar properties
Chemical Reactions
- Example of each type of chemical reaction:
- Synthesis: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
- Decomposition: 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
- Single displacement: Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Electricity Review
Static and Current Electricity
- Static electricity: the buildup of electric charges on an object
- Current electricity: the flow of electric charges through a conductor
Laws of Electric Charge
- Like charges repel, opposite charges attract
- The force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Charging Methods
- Friction: transferring electrons from one object to another through friction
- Contact: transferring electrons from one object to another through direct contact
- Induction: transferring electrons from one object to another without direct contact
Insulators and Conductors
- Insulators: materials that do not conduct electricity
- Conductors: materials that conduct electricity
- Examples:
- Insulators: wood, rubber, glass
- Conductors: copper, aluminum, iron
Electroscope and Grounding
- Electroscope: a device that detects electric charges
- Grounding: connecting an object to the earth to neutralize electric charges
Electrical Measurements and Calculations
- Current: the flow of electric charges
- Voltage: the potential difference between two points
- Resistance: the opposition to the flow of electric charges
- Power: the rate of doing work
- Efficiency: the ratio of output power to input power
- Chart to compare: current, voltage, resistance, power, % efficiency
Electrical Circuits
- Series circuit: a circuit with one pathway for electric charges to flow
- Parallel circuit: a circuit with multiple pathways for electric charges to flow
- Differences between series and parallel circuits:
- Number of pathways
- Current
- Potential difference
- Resistance
- Ability to control loads independently
Circuit Diagrams and Calculations
- Drawing series and parallel circuits with 3 light bulbs
- Connecting ammeters and voltmeters
- Calculating power, resistance, current, voltage, and kilowatt hours
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Description
Review physical and chemical properties, changes, and mixtures in chemistry. Identify elements, compounds, and atoms in molecules like NaHCO3. Distinguish between CO and Co.
