NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 2

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of current smokers express a desire to quit smoking?

90%

80%

70% (correct)

50%

At what age do most people typically start smoking?

30-35

15-17

26-30

18-25 (correct)

Which group has a higher smoking rate according to the content?

High school juniors and seniors (correct)

Adults

College graduates

Older adults

What is the normal range for total cholesterol in the blood?

Less than 200 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main benefits of early screening for colon cancer?

It can find precancerous polyps before they progress into cancer. Signup and view all the answers

Which test measures the overall amount of LDL in the blood?

LDL Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is a major reason colorectal cancer detection is critical?

It progresses without showing symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of sleep for adults?

7-9 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended source of protein?

Beans and lentils Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for triglycerides in the blood?

Less than 150 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What type of fats should be avoided for better health?

Saturated fats Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is digested more slowly and leads to more stable blood sugar levels?

Complex carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

At what age should adolescents begin fasting lipid profile screening?

Ages 9-11 Signup and view all the answers

How can electronic health records be utilized effectively according to the provided content?

To send reminders about screenings to patients or providers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a healthy source of monounsaturated fat?

Avocado Signup and view all the answers

What should be increased in the diet to help lower low-density lipids (LDL)?

Soluble fiber consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT recommended for managing blood glucose levels?

Consume more processed foods Signup and view all the answers

What community outreach method can effectively communicate screening information?

Websites and social media platforms Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor that affects an individual's health literacy?

The ability to read and understand complex medical literature. Signup and view all the answers

Which model is useful for guiding health education and health promotion activities?

The Health Belief Model. Signup and view all the answers

What does organizational health literacy primarily involve?

The ability of healthcare organizations to provide information in an accessible manner. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of a modifiable risk factor in health promotion?

Lifestyle choices such as smoking. Signup and view all the answers

What does hemoglobin A1c measure?

Average blood glucose over three months Signup and view all the answers

How does Pender’s Health Promotion Model view the engagement of healthy behaviors?

Through a holistic lens considering biopsychosocial factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the A1c range for pre-diabetes?

5.7% to 6.4% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle changes can help manage diabetes?

Regular assessment of blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What fasting blood glucose level indicates diabetes?

125 mg/dL or higher Signup and view all the answers

At what age should adults begin colorectal cancer screenings?

45 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible effect of elevated blood glucose on triglyceride levels?

Triglyceride levels may be elevated Signup and view all the answers

How often are women aged 45-54 recommended to have screening mammograms?

Once a year Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criterion for diagnosing diabetes?

Fasting blood glucose of 125 mg/dL or higher Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of a balanced diet in diabetes management?

It helps in maintaining healthy blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which test may show elevated levels if blood glucose is high?

Triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

What health effect is associated with smoking in relation to cardiovascular diseases?

Increases inflammation Signup and view all the answers

How does socioeconomic status impact health outcomes related to smoking?

Lower income is associated with higher smoking rates Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor is associated with smoking prevalence?

Combination of age, gender, and location Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical quit rate for individuals trying to quit smoking without assistance?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

Which resource is often recommended to help individuals quit smoking?

Support groups and counseling Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended preventative health screening related to smoking?

Regular lung function tests Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary change is recommended to lower blood pressure and potentially curb smoking-related risks?

Implementing a DASH diet Signup and view all the answers

What is one common method to measure the effects of smoking on health?

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein test Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consequence of chronic inflammation related to smoking?

Increased risk of heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What is one lifestyle change that can help reduce smoking-related health issues?

Engaging in routine exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal sleep requirement for teenagers aged 11-17 years?

8.5-9.25 hours Signup and view all the answers

At what age do most individuals begin smoking?

18-25 years Signup and view all the answers

Which population is recommended to have an annual fasting lipid profile test?

Adults with CAD risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for HDL cholesterol in women?

50 mg/dL or higher Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of high school seniors is known to smoke more than adults?

More than 50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol?

100-129 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is the sleep recommendation for school-aged children aged 5-12 years?

10-11 hours Signup and view all the answers

When should adolescents begin lipid level screening according to population-based recommendations?

Ages 9-11 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of high school-aged smokers have attempted to quit at least once?

Half Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct normal range for triglycerides?

Less than 150 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What does personal health literacy encompass?

Accessing and understanding health care information Signup and view all the answers

Which model is often employed to guide health promotion activities?

Pender’s Health Promotion Model Signup and view all the answers

How does organizational health literacy primarily function?

By designing materials to meet diverse population needs Signup and view all the answers

What does the Health Belief Model primarily aim to achieve?

Guiding health education and promotion activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus when planning education for patients according to health promotion theories?

Addressing both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a goal of HP2030?

To enhance health literacy and improve health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What biopsychosocial factor does Pender’s Health Promotion Model examine?

Health behavior motivations and barriers Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for effective communication of healthcare risks to populations?

Organizing community-based health literacy initiatives Signup and view all the answers

What stage indicates that an individual has changed their behavior for more than 6 months?

Maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Which component refers to the benefits of behavior change?

Pros Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame?

Risk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-modifiable risk factor?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does 'Decisional Balance' aim to assist patients in evaluating during education?

Pros and cons of behavior change Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes modifiable risk factors?

They are controllable through lifestyle changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criteria does NOT establish a risk factor?

Total eradication of the factor Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the preparation stage of behavior change?

Making a clear plan of action Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the action stage of behavior change?

Behavior change for less than 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What describes the assessment of risk factors in relation to lung cancer and smoking?

The association should be free of errors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a modifiable risk factor that can lower the risk of heart disease?

Stopping smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to higher smoking rates among adults?

Lack of education Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of smoking on health?

Causal factor in multiple cancers Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking financially impact society?

$170 billion annually Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does risk communication primarily depend on?

Public perception of risks Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of smokers report wanting to quit?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which cure is often poorly comprehended by the public, particularly during crises?

Virus transmission methods Signup and view all the answers

Which socioeconomic status is smoking most common among?

Lower class Signup and view all the answers

What does proactive risk reduction involve?

Addressing potential health threats Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) indicate?

Chronic inflammation linked to cardiovascular events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known factor that can help lower chronic inflammation levels?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the normal range for blood pressure?

120/80 mm Hg or less Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of inflammation in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Contributes to plaque formation and instability Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary approach is recommended to help lower blood pressure?

DASH diet Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Smoking and Tobacco Use

Over 70% of current smokers desire to quit smoking.
Most individuals begin smoking between ages 18-25; few start after age 25.
Smoking rates have decreased since the 1990s, yet high school juniors and seniors smoke more than adults.
Half of high school smokers have attempted to quit at least once.
Teen tobacco users face greater challenges in quitting later in life.

Sleep Requirements by Age Group

Newborns (1-2 months): 10.5 - 18 hours
Infants (3-11 months): 9 - 12 hours at night, plus 30 minutes to 2 hours of naps
Toddlers (1-3 years): 12 - 14 hours
Preschoolers (3-5 years): 11 - 13 hours
School-aged children (5-12 years): 10 - 11 hours
Teens (11-17 years): 8.5 - 9.25 hours
Adults and older adults: 7 - 9 hours

Lipid Panel and Screening Recommendations

Lipid panel tests:
- Total Cholesterol: Overall cholesterol levels, normal < 200 mg/dL.
- LDL Cholesterol: Low-density lipoprotein levels, normal 100-129 mg/dL.
- HDL Cholesterol: High-density lipoprotein levels, normal for men ≥ 40 mg/dL, for women ≥ 50 mg/dL.
- Triglycerides: Fat in blood, normal < 150 mg/dL.
Population-based screening:
- Adults: Fasting lipid profile.
- Adults with CAD risk factors: Annual testing.
- Adolescents (ages 9-11): Screening recommended.

Colon Cancer Screening

Important for early detection; can prevent cancer development.
Regular screenings can significantly reduce mortality.
Recommended for adults aged 45 and older; consider until 85 based on history.
Options include stool-based tests and visual exams.

Diet and Nutrition for Health

Recommended Protein Sources:
- Plant-based: Beans, tofu, lentils, chickpeas.
- Animal-based: Chicken, fish, eggs.
- Dairy: Low/non-fat milk, yogurt, cheese.
Healthy Fats:
- Monounsaturated: Olive oil, nuts, avocado.
- Polyunsaturated: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseeds.
Fats to Avoid:
- Saturated: Red meat, full-fat dairy, butter.
- Trans fats: Processed foods, baked goods, fried foods, margarine.
Fiber Types:
- Soluble: Legumes, apples, carrots, oats.
- Insoluble: Grains, nuts, vegetables, seeds.
Carbohydrates:
- Simple: Rapidly spike blood sugar (sugar and sodas).
- Complex: Slowly digested (grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables).

Managing LDL, HDL, and Blood Glucose

To lower LDL:
- Increase fiber intake.
- Choose unsaturated fats over saturated.
- Reduce fried and processed food consumption.
Hemoglobin A1c measures average blood glucose over three months; normal A1c levels show correlation with average glucose values.

Diabetes Screening Criteria

Pre-diabetes:
- Fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL.
- A1c: 5.7% - 6.4%.
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: 140-199 mg/dL after 2 hours.
Diabetes:
- Fasting blood glucose ≥ 125 mg/dL.
- A1c ≥ 6.5%.
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: ≥ 200 mg/dL after 2 hours.
Lifestyle changes to manage diabetes: balanced diet, regular exercise, weight management, medication adherence.

Triglycerides and Blood Glucose Correlation

Elevated triglycerides may accompany high blood glucose, indicating potential insulin resistance or diabetes.

Mammogram Recommendations

Women ages 45-54: Annual screenings.
Women 40-44: Option to start annually.
Women 55 and older: Biennial screenings.

Blood Pressure Guidelines

Normal blood pressure: < 120/80 mm Hg.
Stages of hypertension:
- Elevated: Systolic 120-129, Diastolic 80-89.
- Stage 1: Systolic 130-139, Diastolic 80-89.
- Stage 2: Systolic ≥ 140, Diastolic ≥ 90.
- Crisis: Systolic ≥ 180, Diastolic ≥ 120.
Recommendations for routine checks starting at age 18; more frequent for those with risk factors.

Anti-Inflammatory and Heart Health

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test measures chronic inflammation linked to CAD risk.
Reducing chronic inflammation can involve regular exercise, anti-inflammatory diets, stress management, and smoking cessation.

Health Promotion and Risk Reduction in Community Health Nursing

Theories of health promotion guide the planning of education for individuals and communities.
Understanding risks involves recognizing modifiable (lifestyle choices) and non-modifiable (genetics) factors impacting health.

Personal vs. Organizational Health Literacy

Personal Health Literacy: An individual's capacity to access and understand health information, make informed decisions, and navigate the healthcare system.
Organizational Health Literacy: The ability of healthcare organizations to present information and services in a way that meets diverse public needs effectively.

Health Promotion Models

Pender’s Health Promotion Model: Examines biopsychosocial factors influencing healthy behaviors.
Health Belief Model: A framework for structured health education and promotion efforts.

Stages of Change

Contemplation: Intention to change behavior within 6 months; weighing pros and cons.
Preparation: Intention to act within a month; steps have been taken.
Action: Behavioral change actively implemented for less than 6 months; risk reduction achieved.
Maintenance: Sustained behavior change beyond 6 months; focus on preventing relapse.

Decisional Balance in Patient Education

Involves weighing the pros (benefits) and cons (costs) of behavior changes to motivate patients.

Understanding Risk

Risk is defined as the probability of an event occurring over time.
Criteria for Establishing a Risk Factor:
- Frequency of disease varies with the risk factor.
- The risk factor must precede the disease onset.
- The relationship must not stem from errors in research.

Types of Risks

Modifiable Risks: Lifestyle changes can reduce these risks (e.g., smoking cessation).
Non-Modifiable Risks: Factors beyond personal control (e.g., genetic predispositions).

Screening and Risk Reduction

Regular screenings are essential for identifying health risks early and promoting preventive health strategies.
The American Heart Association and other reputable sources offer resources for preventive health screenings.

Smoking as a Public Health Issue

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., responsible for approximately 438,000 deaths annually.
Linked to numerous types of cancers, with substantial economic costs ($170 billion) in healthcare and productivity losses.
More than 70% of smokers express a desire to quit, yet high smoking rates persist among less educated and lower-income populations.

Sleep Recommendations

Sleep needs vary by age, with adults requiring 7-9 hours per night for optimal health.

Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease (CAD)

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) indicators chronic inflammation, which is linked to cardiovascular events.
Strategies for lowering inflammation include regular exercise, an anti-inflammatory diet, stress management, statins, and smoking cessation.

Blood Pressure Monitoring

Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mm Hg.
Stages of hypertension range from elevated (120-129/80-89 mm Hg) to hypertensive crisis (180+/120+ mm Hg).
Regular blood pressure checks are recommended for adults starting at age 18.

Blood Glucose Monitoring

Normal fasting blood glucose levels range from 80-130 mg/dL; less than 180 mg/dL postprandial.

Community Influences on Health

Social determinants such as socioeconomic status, healthcare access, and lifestyle factors significantly influence health outcomes related to conditions like coronary artery disease.

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Test your knowledge on smoking trends, particularly among high school students. This quiz covers when most people start smoking and the challenges they face in quitting. Explore statistics and insights about smoking habits and preferences.

NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 2 - Easy