NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 2 - Easy
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of current smokers express a desire to quit smoking?

  • 90%
  • 80%
  • 70% (correct)
  • 50%
  • At what age do most people typically start smoking?

  • 30-35
  • 15-17
  • 26-30
  • 18-25 (correct)
  • Which group has a higher smoking rate according to the content?

  • High school juniors and seniors (correct)
  • Adults
  • College graduates
  • Older adults
  • What is the normal range for total cholesterol in the blood?

    <p>Less than 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main benefits of early screening for colon cancer?

    <p>It can find precancerous polyps before they progress into cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures the overall amount of LDL in the blood?

    <p>LDL Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason colorectal cancer detection is critical?

    <p>It progresses without showing symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of sleep for adults?

    <p>7-9 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended source of protein?

    <p>Beans and lentils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for triglycerides in the blood?

    <p>Less than 150 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fats should be avoided for better health?

    <p>Saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate is digested more slowly and leads to more stable blood sugar levels?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should adolescents begin fasting lipid profile screening?

    <p>Ages 9-11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can electronic health records be utilized effectively according to the provided content?

    <p>To send reminders about screenings to patients or providers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is a healthy source of monounsaturated fat?

    <p>Avocado</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be increased in the diet to help lower low-density lipids (LDL)?

    <p>Soluble fiber consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is NOT recommended for managing blood glucose levels?

    <p>Consume more processed foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What community outreach method can effectively communicate screening information?

    <p>Websites and social media platforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that affects an individual's health literacy?

    <p>The ability to read and understand complex medical literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is useful for guiding health education and health promotion activities?

    <p>The Health Belief Model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does organizational health literacy primarily involve?

    <p>The ability of healthcare organizations to provide information in an accessible manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of a modifiable risk factor in health promotion?

    <p>Lifestyle choices such as smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hemoglobin A1c measure?

    <p>Average blood glucose over three months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Pender’s Health Promotion Model view the engagement of healthy behaviors?

    <p>Through a holistic lens considering biopsychosocial factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the A1c range for pre-diabetes?

    <p>5.7% to 6.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle changes can help manage diabetes?

    <p>Regular assessment of blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fasting blood glucose level indicates diabetes?

    <p>125 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should adults begin colorectal cancer screenings?

    <p>45 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible effect of elevated blood glucose on triglyceride levels?

    <p>Triglyceride levels may be elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are women aged 45-54 recommended to have screening mammograms?

    <p>Once a year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criterion for diagnosing diabetes?

    <p>Fasting blood glucose of 125 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of a balanced diet in diabetes management?

    <p>It helps in maintaining healthy blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test may show elevated levels if blood glucose is high?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health effect is associated with smoking in relation to cardiovascular diseases?

    <p>Increases inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does socioeconomic status impact health outcomes related to smoking?

    <p>Lower income is associated with higher smoking rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic factor is associated with smoking prevalence?

    <p>Combination of age, gender, and location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical quit rate for individuals trying to quit smoking without assistance?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource is often recommended to help individuals quit smoking?

    <p>Support groups and counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended preventative health screening related to smoking?

    <p>Regular lung function tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary change is recommended to lower blood pressure and potentially curb smoking-related risks?

    <p>Implementing a DASH diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common method to measure the effects of smoking on health?

    <p>High-sensitivity C-reactive protein test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consequence of chronic inflammation related to smoking?

    <p>Increased risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one lifestyle change that can help reduce smoking-related health issues?

    <p>Engaging in routine exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal sleep requirement for teenagers aged 11-17 years?

    <p>8.5-9.25 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do most individuals begin smoking?

    <p>18-25 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is recommended to have an annual fasting lipid profile test?

    <p>Adults with CAD risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for HDL cholesterol in women?

    <p>50 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of high school seniors is known to smoke more than adults?

    <p>More than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol?

    <p>100-129 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sleep recommendation for school-aged children aged 5-12 years?

    <p>10-11 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should adolescents begin lipid level screening according to population-based recommendations?

    <p>Ages 9-11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of high school-aged smokers have attempted to quit at least once?

    <p>Half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct normal range for triglycerides?

    <p>Less than 150 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does personal health literacy encompass?

    <p>Accessing and understanding health care information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is often employed to guide health promotion activities?

    <p>Pender’s Health Promotion Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does organizational health literacy primarily function?

    <p>By designing materials to meet diverse population needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Health Belief Model primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>Guiding health education and promotion activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus when planning education for patients according to health promotion theories?

    <p>Addressing both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a goal of HP2030?

    <p>To enhance health literacy and improve health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biopsychosocial factor does Pender’s Health Promotion Model examine?

    <p>Health behavior motivations and barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for effective communication of healthcare risks to populations?

    <p>Organizing community-based health literacy initiatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage indicates that an individual has changed their behavior for more than 6 months?

    <p>Maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component refers to the benefits of behavior change?

    <p>Pros</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame?

    <p>Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a non-modifiable risk factor?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does 'Decisional Balance' aim to assist patients in evaluating during education?

    <p>Pros and cons of behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes modifiable risk factors?

    <p>They are controllable through lifestyle changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following criteria does NOT establish a risk factor?

    <p>Total eradication of the factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the preparation stage of behavior change?

    <p>Making a clear plan of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines the action stage of behavior change?

    <p>Behavior change for less than 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the assessment of risk factors in relation to lung cancer and smoking?

    <p>The association should be free of errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a modifiable risk factor that can lower the risk of heart disease?

    <p>Stopping smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to higher smoking rates among adults?

    <p>Lack of education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of smoking on health?

    <p>Causal factor in multiple cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does smoking financially impact society?

    <p>$170 billion annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does risk communication primarily depend on?

    <p>Public perception of risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of smokers report wanting to quit?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cure is often poorly comprehended by the public, particularly during crises?

    <p>Virus transmission methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which socioeconomic status is smoking most common among?

    <p>Lower class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does proactive risk reduction involve?

    <p>Addressing potential health threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an elevated level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) indicate?

    <p>Chronic inflammation linked to cardiovascular events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known factor that can help lower chronic inflammation levels?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the normal range for blood pressure?

    <p>120/80 mm Hg or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main roles of inflammation in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

    <p>Contributes to plaque formation and instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary approach is recommended to help lower blood pressure?

    <p>DASH diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Smoking and Tobacco Use

    • Over 70% of current smokers desire to quit smoking.
    • Most individuals begin smoking between ages 18-25; few start after age 25.
    • Smoking rates have decreased since the 1990s, yet high school juniors and seniors smoke more than adults.
    • Half of high school smokers have attempted to quit at least once.
    • Teen tobacco users face greater challenges in quitting later in life.

    Sleep Requirements by Age Group

    • Newborns (1-2 months): 10.5 - 18 hours
    • Infants (3-11 months): 9 - 12 hours at night, plus 30 minutes to 2 hours of naps
    • Toddlers (1-3 years): 12 - 14 hours
    • Preschoolers (3-5 years): 11 - 13 hours
    • School-aged children (5-12 years): 10 - 11 hours
    • Teens (11-17 years): 8.5 - 9.25 hours
    • Adults and older adults: 7 - 9 hours

    Lipid Panel and Screening Recommendations

    • Lipid panel tests:
      • Total Cholesterol: Overall cholesterol levels, normal < 200 mg/dL.
      • LDL Cholesterol: Low-density lipoprotein levels, normal 100-129 mg/dL.
      • HDL Cholesterol: High-density lipoprotein levels, normal for men ≥ 40 mg/dL, for women ≥ 50 mg/dL.
      • Triglycerides: Fat in blood, normal < 150 mg/dL.
    • Population-based screening:
      • Adults: Fasting lipid profile.
      • Adults with CAD risk factors: Annual testing.
      • Adolescents (ages 9-11): Screening recommended.

    Colon Cancer Screening

    • Important for early detection; can prevent cancer development.
    • Regular screenings can significantly reduce mortality.
    • Recommended for adults aged 45 and older; consider until 85 based on history.
    • Options include stool-based tests and visual exams.

    Diet and Nutrition for Health

    • Recommended Protein Sources:
      • Plant-based: Beans, tofu, lentils, chickpeas.
      • Animal-based: Chicken, fish, eggs.
      • Dairy: Low/non-fat milk, yogurt, cheese.
    • Healthy Fats:
      • Monounsaturated: Olive oil, nuts, avocado.
      • Polyunsaturated: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseeds.
    • Fats to Avoid:
      • Saturated: Red meat, full-fat dairy, butter.
      • Trans fats: Processed foods, baked goods, fried foods, margarine.
    • Fiber Types:
      • Soluble: Legumes, apples, carrots, oats.
      • Insoluble: Grains, nuts, vegetables, seeds.
    • Carbohydrates:
      • Simple: Rapidly spike blood sugar (sugar and sodas).
      • Complex: Slowly digested (grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables).

    Managing LDL, HDL, and Blood Glucose

    • To lower LDL:
      • Increase fiber intake.
      • Choose unsaturated fats over saturated.
      • Reduce fried and processed food consumption.
    • Hemoglobin A1c measures average blood glucose over three months; normal A1c levels show correlation with average glucose values.

    Diabetes Screening Criteria

    • Pre-diabetes:
      • Fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL.
      • A1c: 5.7% - 6.4%.
      • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: 140-199 mg/dL after 2 hours.
    • Diabetes:
      • Fasting blood glucose ≥ 125 mg/dL.
      • A1c ≥ 6.5%.
      • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: ≥ 200 mg/dL after 2 hours.
    • Lifestyle changes to manage diabetes: balanced diet, regular exercise, weight management, medication adherence.

    Triglycerides and Blood Glucose Correlation

    • Elevated triglycerides may accompany high blood glucose, indicating potential insulin resistance or diabetes.

    Mammogram Recommendations

    • Women ages 45-54: Annual screenings.
    • Women 40-44: Option to start annually.
    • Women 55 and older: Biennial screenings.

    Blood Pressure Guidelines

    • Normal blood pressure: < 120/80 mm Hg.
    • Stages of hypertension:
      • Elevated: Systolic 120-129, Diastolic 80-89.
      • Stage 1: Systolic 130-139, Diastolic 80-89.
      • Stage 2: Systolic ≥ 140, Diastolic ≥ 90.
      • Crisis: Systolic ≥ 180, Diastolic ≥ 120.
    • Recommendations for routine checks starting at age 18; more frequent for those with risk factors.

    Anti-Inflammatory and Heart Health

    • High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test measures chronic inflammation linked to CAD risk.
    • Reducing chronic inflammation can involve regular exercise, anti-inflammatory diets, stress management, and smoking cessation.

    Health Promotion and Risk Reduction in Community Health Nursing

    • Theories of health promotion guide the planning of education for individuals and communities.
    • Understanding risks involves recognizing modifiable (lifestyle choices) and non-modifiable (genetics) factors impacting health.

    Personal vs. Organizational Health Literacy

    • Personal Health Literacy: An individual's capacity to access and understand health information, make informed decisions, and navigate the healthcare system.
    • Organizational Health Literacy: The ability of healthcare organizations to present information and services in a way that meets diverse public needs effectively.

    Health Promotion Models

    • Pender’s Health Promotion Model: Examines biopsychosocial factors influencing healthy behaviors.
    • Health Belief Model: A framework for structured health education and promotion efforts.

    Stages of Change

    • Contemplation: Intention to change behavior within 6 months; weighing pros and cons.
    • Preparation: Intention to act within a month; steps have been taken.
    • Action: Behavioral change actively implemented for less than 6 months; risk reduction achieved.
    • Maintenance: Sustained behavior change beyond 6 months; focus on preventing relapse.

    Decisional Balance in Patient Education

    • Involves weighing the pros (benefits) and cons (costs) of behavior changes to motivate patients.

    Understanding Risk

    • Risk is defined as the probability of an event occurring over time.
    • Criteria for Establishing a Risk Factor:
      • Frequency of disease varies with the risk factor.
      • The risk factor must precede the disease onset.
      • The relationship must not stem from errors in research.

    Types of Risks

    • Modifiable Risks: Lifestyle changes can reduce these risks (e.g., smoking cessation).
    • Non-Modifiable Risks: Factors beyond personal control (e.g., genetic predispositions).

    Screening and Risk Reduction

    • Regular screenings are essential for identifying health risks early and promoting preventive health strategies.
    • The American Heart Association and other reputable sources offer resources for preventive health screenings.

    Smoking as a Public Health Issue

    • Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., responsible for approximately 438,000 deaths annually.
    • Linked to numerous types of cancers, with substantial economic costs ($170 billion) in healthcare and productivity losses.
    • More than 70% of smokers express a desire to quit, yet high smoking rates persist among less educated and lower-income populations.

    Sleep Recommendations

    • Sleep needs vary by age, with adults requiring 7-9 hours per night for optimal health.

    Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease (CAD)

    • High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) indicators chronic inflammation, which is linked to cardiovascular events.
    • Strategies for lowering inflammation include regular exercise, an anti-inflammatory diet, stress management, statins, and smoking cessation.

    Blood Pressure Monitoring

    • Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mm Hg.
    • Stages of hypertension range from elevated (120-129/80-89 mm Hg) to hypertensive crisis (180+/120+ mm Hg).
    • Regular blood pressure checks are recommended for adults starting at age 18.

    Blood Glucose Monitoring

    • Normal fasting blood glucose levels range from 80-130 mg/dL; less than 180 mg/dL postprandial.

    Community Influences on Health

    • Social determinants such as socioeconomic status, healthcare access, and lifestyle factors significantly influence health outcomes related to conditions like coronary artery disease.

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