Tobacco and Smoking Quiz

Tobacco and Smoking

• Smoking is a major preventable cause of death worldwide.
• Over 480,000 Americans die each year due to smoking.
• More deaths are caused by tobacco than combined deaths from illicit drugs, alcohol, HIV, accidents, and gunshots.
• More than 6 million deaths occur globally each year due to smoking, 30% of which are from cancer and other related diseases.
• Cigarette smoking is the most common method, but other forms of tobacco usage, like pipe tobacco, cigars, and smokeless tobacco, are also present.
• Nicotine is the active ingredient in tobacco.
• Smoking prevalence has been substantially reduced in the United States since the 1965 Surgeon General's report.
• Tobacco smoking is increasing rapidly in developing nations.
• It's estimated that cigarette smoking will cause about 450 million deaths worldwide in the next 50 years.

Components of Cigarettes

• Tobacco smoke is an aerosol containing water, nicotine, tar, and other chemicals.
• Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, many contributing to human diseases.
• The particulate phase contains nicotine, benzo(a)pyrene (a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon), N′-nitrosonornicotine, β-naphthylamine, polonium 210, nickel, cadmium, arsenic, and lead.
• The gaseous phase contains carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, ammonia, benzene, formaldehyde, nitrosamines, and vinyl chloride.

Harmful Effects of Smoking

• Cancer: Lung, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas.
• Cardiovascular disease: Sudden death, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, aortic aneurysm.
• Pulmonary disease: Lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, increased susceptibility to pneumonia, tuberculosis, and desquamative interstitial pneumonitis.
• Gastrointestinal disease: Peptic ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux, Crohn's disease.
• Reproductive disturbances: Reduced fertility, premature birth, lower birth weight, spontaneous abortion, premature rupture of membranes, increased perinatal mortality.
• Oral disease: Oral cancer, leukoplakia, gingivitis, gingival recession, tooth staining.
• Other effects: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, earlier menopause, osteoporosis, cataract.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)

• DSM-5 changed the terminology for nicotine and tobacco, eliminating the term dependence in favor of Tobacco Use Disorder.

Alcohol Intoxication

• Alcohol rapidly passes through the blood-brain barrier.
• Symptoms of intoxication are directly related to blood alcohol levels.
• Individuals with chronic alcohol exposure generally experience less severe effects at the same blood alcohol level compared to those without chronic exposure.
• Mild intoxication (20 to 100 mg/dL) causes euphoria, mild muscle incoordination, and mild cognitive impairment.
• Moderate to high intoxication (100 to 200 mg/dL) results in more severe mental impairment, ataxia, and prolonged reaction time.

Alcohol Withdrawal

• Withdrawal occurs when alcohol use is decreased or discontinued.
• Symptoms can vary greatly, ranging from manageable to requiring hospitalization.
• The severity of withdrawal symptoms is influenced by factors like the amount and duration of alcohol use, along with individual tolerance.

Chronic Toxic Effects of Alcohol

• Nervous system: Intoxication, withdrawal, cognitive impairment, cerebellar degeneration, peripheral neuropathy.
• Cardiovascular system: Cardiac arrhythmias, chronic cardiomyopathy, hypertension.
• Liver: Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis.
• Gastrointestinal tract, esophagus: Chronic inflammation, malignant neoplasms (cancers), Mallory-Weiss tears, esophageal varices.
• Stomach: Gastritis, peptic ulcer disease.
• Pancreas: Acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis.
• Other medical problems: Cancers: mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, colorectal, breast, hepatocellular carcinoma; pneumonia, tuberculosis.
• Psychiatric: Depression, anxiety, suicide.
• Behavioral and psychosocial: Injuries, violence, crime, child or partner abuse, tobacco, other drug abuse, unemployment, legal problems.

Drug Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction

• Addiction is not limited to drugs and alcohol.
• It can involve anything that leads to compulsive behavior, regardless of consequences.
• Examples include food, gambling, shopping, and anything that disrupts a healthy lifestyle.

Central Nervous System Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines

• Cocaine and amphetamines, including methamphetamine, are CNS stimulants.
• Both induce similar psychoactive activities and adverse consequences.
• Cocaine is derived from coca leaves, while amphetamine is a synthetic compound.
• Cocaine can be used intranasally, intravenously, or by smoking.
• Smoking cocaine provides the most rapid onset of intoxication (6 to 10 seconds) and the shortest duration of effect (10 to 15 minutes).

Effects of Cocaine and Amphetamines

• Both drugs produce euphoria, wakefulness, a sense of initiative, increased self-confidence, and, in some cases, sexual stimulation.
• Higher doses can lead to feeling "wired," characterized by anxiety, irritability, and possibly paranoia.
• Withdrawal results in effects opposite to those of intoxication, including increased appetite, hypersomnia, and depression.

Medical Complications of Cocaine Use

• Complications arise from cocaine's stimulant and vasoconstrictor properties.
• Local complications: Ulcerations of nasal mucosa, perforation of the nasal septum, decreased pulmonary diffusion capacity.
• Systemic complications: Myocardial infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, grand mal seizures, ventricular tachyarrhythmias (leading to sudden death).

Explore the impacts of tobacco and smoking on global health and mortality rates through this informative quiz. Test your knowledge about smoking statistics, the components of cigarettes, and the effects of nicotine. Learn about the historical trends in smoking prevalence and the consequences of tobacco use worldwide.