Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of people aged 25 to 34 years in the UK smoke cigarettes?
What percentage of people aged 25 to 34 years in the UK smoke cigarettes?
Which of the following conditions is least associated with smokers compared to non-smokers?
Which of the following conditions is least associated with smokers compared to non-smokers?
How does smoking affect the effectiveness of periodontal treatment?
How does smoking affect the effectiveness of periodontal treatment?
What is the increased risk for periodontal attachment loss associated with smoking?
What is the increased risk for periodontal attachment loss associated with smoking?
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Which factor has the greatest impact on periodontal conditions in smokers?
Which factor has the greatest impact on periodontal conditions in smokers?
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Which of the following statements about smokers is correct?
Which of the following statements about smokers is correct?
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What is the impact of passive smoking in relation to periodontal disease?
What is the impact of passive smoking in relation to periodontal disease?
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Among the following, which aspect is less likely to improve in smokers after treatment?
Among the following, which aspect is less likely to improve in smokers after treatment?
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What impact does smoking have on periodontal disease?
What impact does smoking have on periodontal disease?
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What is periodontitis ranked in terms of global prevalence?
What is periodontitis ranked in terms of global prevalence?
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Which of the following is considered a harmful chemical in tobacco?
Which of the following is considered a harmful chemical in tobacco?
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What correlation exists between smoking and the formation of periodontal pockets?
What correlation exists between smoking and the formation of periodontal pockets?
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How does the duration of smoking relate to its effects on dental health?
How does the duration of smoking relate to its effects on dental health?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between smoking and periodontal attachment loss?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between smoking and periodontal attachment loss?
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What primary benefit can be gained from discussing smoking cessation with patients?
What primary benefit can be gained from discussing smoking cessation with patients?
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What is a recommended focus regarding smoking's impact during patient assessments?
What is a recommended focus regarding smoking's impact during patient assessments?
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What is the reported implant failure rate over 10 years for smokers?
What is the reported implant failure rate over 10 years for smokers?
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Which of the following is a clinical appearance common in smokers?
Which of the following is a clinical appearance common in smokers?
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What factor contributes to the increased severity and extent of periodontal disease in smokers?
What factor contributes to the increased severity and extent of periodontal disease in smokers?
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What is one potential reason smokers may have more periodontal disease?
What is one potential reason smokers may have more periodontal disease?
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What clinical characteristic is seen more frequently among smokers compared to non-smokers?
What clinical characteristic is seen more frequently among smokers compared to non-smokers?
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What type of oral effect does smoking contribute to that is linked with periodontal health?
What type of oral effect does smoking contribute to that is linked with periodontal health?
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What is a common characteristic of gum tissue in smokers?
What is a common characteristic of gum tissue in smokers?
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Which of the following substances is NOT typically associated with smoking?
Which of the following substances is NOT typically associated with smoking?
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What is one of the main negative effects of smoking on cytokine and growth factor production?
What is one of the main negative effects of smoking on cytokine and growth factor production?
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How does smoking affect gingival bleeding?
How does smoking affect gingival bleeding?
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What does carbon monoxide do to the blood?
What does carbon monoxide do to the blood?
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What is the relationship between smoking exposure and alveolar bone loss?
What is the relationship between smoking exposure and alveolar bone loss?
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What type of tissue repair is inhibited by smoking?
What type of tissue repair is inhibited by smoking?
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What is a significant benefit of smoking cessation regarding periodontal health?
What is a significant benefit of smoking cessation regarding periodontal health?
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How does smoking influence fibroblast activity in the periodontium?
How does smoking influence fibroblast activity in the periodontium?
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What is the effect of tar in the mouth due to smoking?
What is the effect of tar in the mouth due to smoking?
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Study Notes
Smoking and Periodontal Disease
- Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease, second only to bacterial plaque.
- Smoking is associated with a 2-8 fold increased risk of periodontal attachment loss and/or bone loss, severity depending on the smoking dose.
- Passive smoking is mildly associated with periodontitis.
- Smoking can worsen periodontal conditions in those already susceptible, like diabetics.
- Smokers have deeper periodontal pockets, more bone loss, more infrabony defects, and more missing teeth (especially molars).
- Smokers demonstrate more fibrotic gingivae, rolled margins, less gingival redness/bleeding, and greater disease severity when compared to non-smokers.
- Smokers show higher levels of calculus (independent of plaque levels).
Smoking and Periodontal Treatment
- All types of periodontal treatment (non-surgical, surgical, muco-gingival, implants) are less effective in smokers.
- Smokers have a poorer response (50-75%) to both surgical and non-surgical treatment, compared to non-smokers.
- Implant failure rates in smokers are higher (15%) compared to non-smokers (4%) over 10 years.
- Smokers exhibit a worse clinical appearance with nicotine staining and calculus buildup, especially in anterior, maxillary, and palatal regions.
Smoking and Clinical Characteristics
- Smokers experience earlier onset and faster disease progression.
- Smokers have greater tooth loss
- Smokers show poorer response to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) and have higher rates of recurrence within 1 year of surgery.
- Periodontitis is the 6th most prevalent disease in the world and directly related to general well-being.
Smoking Causes and Effects
- Smoking causes a dry mouth: The effect of tobacco smoke on saliva is a factor here.
- Water pipes (Hookah/Shisha) also cause periodontal damage: These instruments use tobacco, cannabis, or hashish.
- Harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke are a key factor: nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide are examples.
- Nicotine is addictive, increasing heart rate.
- Tar is sticky and stains teeth.
- Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, hindering oxygen transport.
- Smoking affects host response, decreasing IgG production, shifting towards destructive neutrophils and inhibiting growth factor production. It also interferes with tissue repair and healing, with less tissue vascularity and angiogenesis.
- Smoking may cause less gingival bleeding than in non-smokers; this depends on the dose.
Questions on Tar and Carbon Monoxide
- Tar causes stains on teeth.
- Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, limiting oxygen transport.
Smoking Cessation
- Smoking cessation improves the prospects of a successful periodontal treatment outcome.
Relevant References
- Clerehugh, V, Tugnait A, and Genco RJ (2010) Periodontology at a Glance.
- Feifei Qui, Chun-ling Liang Zhenhua Dai Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness
- Gautam DK, Jindal V, Gupta SC, Tuli A et al (2011) Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal health.
- Gehrig JS, Shin DE, and Willman DE (2020) Foundations of Periodontics for the Dental Hygienist
- Zee KY (2009) Smoking and periodontal disease, Australian Dental Journal
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Description
Explore the impact of smoking on periodontal disease and treatment outcomes. Understand how smoking not only increases the risk of periodontal issues but also complicates treatment effectiveness. This quiz examines key factors related to smoking and oral health.
