Smoking and Periodontal Disease
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of people aged 25 to 34 years in the UK smoke cigarettes?

  • 14.7%
  • 7.2 million
  • 2 to 8 fold
  • 19.0% (correct)

Which of the following conditions is least associated with smokers compared to non-smokers?

  • More infra-bony defects
  • More periodontal bone loss
  • Deeper pockets
  • Less missing teeth (correct)

How does smoking affect the effectiveness of periodontal treatment?

  • All types of treatment are less effective in smokers (correct)
  • Non-surgical treatments are more effective for smokers
  • Smokers show equal improvement as non-smokers
  • Only surgical treatments are affected

What is the increased risk for periodontal attachment loss associated with smoking?

<p>2 to 8 fold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has the greatest impact on periodontal conditions in smokers?

<p>Pack years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about smokers is correct?

<p>They have more fibrotic gingivae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of passive smoking in relation to periodontal disease?

<p>Mildly associated with periodontitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, which aspect is less likely to improve in smokers after treatment?

<p>Clinical parameters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does smoking have on periodontal disease?

<p>Increases susceptibility to periodontal disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is periodontitis ranked in terms of global prevalence?

<p>6th most prevalent disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a harmful chemical in tobacco?

<p>Nicotine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What correlation exists between smoking and the formation of periodontal pockets?

<p>Smoking is associated with increased formation of periodontal pockets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the duration of smoking relate to its effects on dental health?

<p>Longer duration increases dental health issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between smoking and periodontal attachment loss?

<p>Smoking is associated with increased periodontal attachment loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary benefit can be gained from discussing smoking cessation with patients?

<p>Improved overall treatment outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended focus regarding smoking's impact during patient assessments?

<p>Addressing both periodontal and general health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reported implant failure rate over 10 years for smokers?

<p>15% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical appearance common in smokers?

<p>Fibrotic 'tight' gingivae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the increased severity and extent of periodontal disease in smokers?

<p>Poorer response to treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential reason smokers may have more periodontal disease?

<p>Direct damage by toxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical characteristic is seen more frequently among smokers compared to non-smokers?

<p>Increased tooth loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of oral effect does smoking contribute to that is linked with periodontal health?

<p>Dry mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of gum tissue in smokers?

<p>Rolled margins and fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT typically associated with smoking?

<p>Methanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main negative effects of smoking on cytokine and growth factor production?

<p>Inhibition of collagen production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking affect gingival bleeding?

<p>Smokers have less gingival bleeding, which is dose dependent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does carbon monoxide do to the blood?

<p>Binds to hemoglobin and reduces oxygen transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between smoking exposure and alveolar bone loss?

<p>Direct linear relationship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue repair is inhibited by smoking?

<p>Vascularity and angiogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of smoking cessation regarding periodontal health?

<p>It improves the prospects for successful periodontal treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking influence fibroblast activity in the periodontium?

<p>Inhibits growth and collagen production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tar in the mouth due to smoking?

<p>Stains teeth and has sticky properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Smoking and Periodontal Disease

Smoking is a modifiable risk factor that increases susceptibility to periodontal disease.

Smoking's Impact on Periodontitis

Smoking has been directly linked to an increased risk of periodontitis, a serious gum disease.

Dose-Dependent Effect of Smoking

The harmful effects of smoking on periodontal tissues increase with the amount and duration of smoking.

Prevalence of Periodontitis

Periodontitis is the sixth most prevalent disease globally, affecting general health and well-being.

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Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is a condition affecting the gums and surrounding tissues, often linked to smoking.

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Oral and General Health

Oral health is strongly linked to general health, and smoking can negatively impact both.

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Patient History and Treatment Planning

Understanding a patient's smoking history and impact on their periodontal condition is crucial for treatment planning.

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Smoking Cessation and Periodontal Health

Encouraging smoking cessation is vital for improving periodontal health and overall well-being.

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Smoking and Periodontitis

Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontal disease, second only to bacterial plaque. It significantly increases the risk of gum problems and bone loss.

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Smoking's Impact on Periodontal Tissues

Smokers experience deeper pockets, more bone loss, furcation involvement, and higher calculus levels compared to non-smokers.

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Passive Smoking and Periodontitis

Passive smoking can also contribute to periodontal disease, although the risk is less severe compared to active smokers.

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Smoking and Susceptibility

Individuals who already have health issues like diabetes are more vulnerable to developing severe periodontal conditions when they smoke.

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Effects of Smoking on Periodontal Treatments

All periodontal treatments, including surgical and non-surgical procedures, are less effective in smokers.

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Smoking's Impact on Treatment Outcomes

Smokers generally experience a 50-75% reduction in improvement compared to non-smokers after periodontal treatment.

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Smoking Cessation and Gum Health

Quitting smoking is crucial for improving periodontal health and reducing the risk of gum disease.

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Smoking and Implant Failure

Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontal disease, increasing the chance of implant failure by almost 4 times compared to non-smokers.

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Clinical Appearance of Smokers' Gums

Smokers often have a distinct appearance: their gums are tight and fibrous, the margins are rolled, and there's less redness and bleeding compared to non-smokers. Disease progression is also faster and more severe.

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Smoking and Periodontal Disease Progression

Smokers experience faster progression of periodontal disease with earlier onset, more tooth loss, poorer response to NSPT, and greater recurrence within a year of surgery. They are more likely to be resistant to treatment (refractory).

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Mechanisms of Smoking's Impact on Gums

Smoking directly damages tissues and increases the presence of harmful periodontopathic bacteria. It also weakens the body's immune system, making it less effective at fighting infection and preventing disease progression.

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Smoking and Dry Mouth

Tobacco smoke, containing thousands of harmful chemicals, can cause dry mouth because it inhibits saliva production.

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Water Pipes and Periodontal Disease

Water pipes, also known as hookahs or shishas, can also cause periodontal damage.

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Nicotine and Heart Rate

Nicotine, an addictive drug found in tobacco, is known to increase heart rate and contribute to various health problems.

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Harmful Components in Tobacco Smoke

The presence of tar, carbon monoxide, and other harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke can significantly impact periodontal health.

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Why do smokers have less gum bleeding?

Smoking leads to a lower amount of bleeding gums compared to non-smokers. This effect is stronger with more smoking.

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How does smoking affect periodontal disease risk?

Smoking increases the risk of periodontal disease, and the severity of the disease is directly related to how much a person smokes.

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What is the effect of tar on teeth?

Tar from cigarettes sticks to teeth, causing discoloration.

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What is the effect of carbon monoxide on blood?

Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by binding to hemoglobin.

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How does smoking affect tissue repair and healing?

Smoking decreases the amount of blood vessels in tissues and reduces the formation of new blood vessels.

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How does smoking affect collagen production?

Smoking can interfere with the growth of fibroblasts, the cells responsible for producing collagen.

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How does smoking affect cytokine and growth factor production?

Smoking negatively impacts the production of cytokines and growth factors, crucial for immune responses and tissue healing.

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How does smoking cessation affect periodontal treatment?

Quitting smoking improves the chances of successful periodontal treatment outcomes.

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Study Notes

Smoking and Periodontal Disease

  • Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease, second only to bacterial plaque.
  • Smoking is associated with a 2-8 fold increased risk of periodontal attachment loss and/or bone loss, severity depending on the smoking dose.
  • Passive smoking is mildly associated with periodontitis.
  • Smoking can worsen periodontal conditions in those already susceptible, like diabetics.
  • Smokers have deeper periodontal pockets, more bone loss, more infrabony defects, and more missing teeth (especially molars).
  • Smokers demonstrate more fibrotic gingivae, rolled margins, less gingival redness/bleeding, and greater disease severity when compared to non-smokers.
  • Smokers show higher levels of calculus (independent of plaque levels).

Smoking and Periodontal Treatment

  • All types of periodontal treatment (non-surgical, surgical, muco-gingival, implants) are less effective in smokers.
  • Smokers have a poorer response (50-75%) to both surgical and non-surgical treatment, compared to non-smokers.
  • Implant failure rates in smokers are higher (15%) compared to non-smokers (4%) over 10 years.
  • Smokers exhibit a worse clinical appearance with nicotine staining and calculus buildup, especially in anterior, maxillary, and palatal regions.

Smoking and Clinical Characteristics

  • Smokers experience earlier onset and faster disease progression.
  • Smokers have greater tooth loss
  • Smokers show poorer response to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) and have higher rates of recurrence within 1 year of surgery.
  • Periodontitis is the 6th most prevalent disease in the world and directly related to general well-being.

Smoking Causes and Effects

  • Smoking causes a dry mouth: The effect of tobacco smoke on saliva is a factor here.
  • Water pipes (Hookah/Shisha) also cause periodontal damage: These instruments use tobacco, cannabis, or hashish.
  • Harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke are a key factor: nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide are examples.
  • Nicotine is addictive, increasing heart rate.
  • Tar is sticky and stains teeth.
  • Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, hindering oxygen transport.
  • Smoking affects host response, decreasing IgG production, shifting towards destructive neutrophils and inhibiting growth factor production. It also interferes with tissue repair and healing, with less tissue vascularity and angiogenesis.
  • Smoking may cause less gingival bleeding than in non-smokers; this depends on the dose.

Questions on Tar and Carbon Monoxide

  • Tar causes stains on teeth.
  • Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, limiting oxygen transport.

Smoking Cessation

  • Smoking cessation improves the prospects of a successful periodontal treatment outcome.

Relevant References

  • Clerehugh, V, Tugnait A, and Genco RJ (2010) Periodontology at a Glance.
  • Feifei Qui, Chun-ling Liang Zhenhua Dai Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness
  • Gautam DK, Jindal V, Gupta SC, Tuli A et al (2011) Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal health.
  • Gehrig JS, Shin DE, and Willman DE (2020) Foundations of Periodontics for the Dental Hygienist
  • Zee KY (2009) Smoking and periodontal disease, Australian Dental Journal

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Smoking and Periodontal Disease PDF

Description

Explore the impact of smoking on periodontal disease and treatment outcomes. Understand how smoking not only increases the risk of periodontal issues but also complicates treatment effectiveness. This quiz examines key factors related to smoking and oral health.

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