Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of enterokinase in the small intestine?
What is the primary role of enterokinase in the small intestine?
- Emulsifying fats for easier digestion.
- Activating trypsinogen into trypsin for protein digestion. (correct)
- Neutralizing acidic chyme from the stomach.
- Absorbing monosaccharides across the intestinal wall.
Where does the digestion of fats primarily occur, aided by bile produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder?
Where does the digestion of fats primarily occur, aided by bile produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder?
- Ileum
- Stomach
- Duodenum (correct)
- Esophagus
How do villi contribute to nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
How do villi contribute to nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
- Increasing the surface area to maximize nutrient absorption. (correct)
- Promoting the release of bicarbonate to neutralize acids.
- Increasing the rate of enzyme secretion.
- Decreasing the surface area for absorption.
Which secretion is released into the small intestine to neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach?
Which secretion is released into the small intestine to neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach?
What is the primary function of bile salts in fat digestion?
What is the primary function of bile salts in fat digestion?
How are triglycerides and other lipids reassembled into for transport after being absorbed by intestinal cells?
How are triglycerides and other lipids reassembled into for transport after being absorbed by intestinal cells?
How are glucose and galactose absorbed across the intestinal epithelium?
How are glucose and galactose absorbed across the intestinal epithelium?
What is the primary role of the pancreas in the small intestine's digestive process?
What is the primary role of the pancreas in the small intestine's digestive process?
What is the function of the gallbladder regarding digestion?
What is the function of the gallbladder regarding digestion?
Which of the following carbohydrates is broken down into glucose and galactose?
Which of the following carbohydrates is broken down into glucose and galactose?
How are di- and tripeptides transported across the intestinal epithelium?
How are di- and tripeptides transported across the intestinal epithelium?
Through what route do chylomicrons primarily enter the bloodstream after absorption in the small intestine?
Through what route do chylomicrons primarily enter the bloodstream after absorption in the small intestine?
What is the main function of the colon in the large intestine?
What is the main function of the colon in the large intestine?
What role do resident microbes play in the large intestine?
What role do resident microbes play in the large intestine?
What is the primary trigger for 'homeostatic hunger'?
What is the primary trigger for 'homeostatic hunger'?
Which of the following is the correct classification of bile salts?
Which of the following is the correct classification of bile salts?
What is the potential consequence if intact proteins are absorbed into the bloodstream?
What is the potential consequence if intact proteins are absorbed into the bloodstream?
Which transport mechanism is used to absorb fructose in the intestines?
Which transport mechanism is used to absorb fructose in the intestines?
What process is affected when a person has a deficiency in lactase?
What process is affected when a person has a deficiency in lactase?
What is 'hedonic hunger' primarily motivated by?
What is 'hedonic hunger' primarily motivated by?
Flashcards
Pancreas Role
Pancreas Role
Main contributor of digestive enzymes.
Gallbladder function
Gallbladder function
Stores bile, which is produced by the liver, and aids in fat digestion.
Amphipathic Bile Salts
Amphipathic Bile Salts
Bile salts are both hydrophilic and lipophilic, allowing them to emulsify fats.
Villi Function
Villi Function
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Small Intestine Secretions
Small Intestine Secretions
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Digestive Enzymes Location
Digestive Enzymes Location
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Carbohydrate Absorption
Carbohydrate Absorption
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Active Transport
Active Transport
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Facilitated Transport
Facilitated Transport
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Food Allergy Cause
Food Allergy Cause
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Fat Digestion Products
Fat Digestion Products
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Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons
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Energy Depletion
Energy Depletion
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Pleasure
Pleasure
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Illeum Contents
Illeum Contents
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Colonic Epithelium
Colonic Epithelium
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Digestion byproduct
Digestion byproduct
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Study Notes
Small Intestine & Accessory Organs
- The pancreas is the primary contributor to digestive enzymes.
- Enzymes are released from the pancreas in an inactive form
- Ex: Trypsinogen.
- Enterokinase in the small intestine activates enzymes to form trypsin in the duodenum for protein digestion.
- The gallbladder stores bile, which is produced by the liver.
- Bile is crucial for fat digestion.
Absorption in the Small Intestine
- Villi in the small intestinal mucosa increase the surface area to promote nutrient absorption.
Carbohydrate Absorption & Transport
- Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules
- Sucrose is composed of fructose and glucose.
- Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose.
- Starch is a polymer of glucose molecules.
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactase deficiency causes lactose intolerance.
- Glucose and galactose are absorbed via active transport.
- Fructose is absorbed via facilitated transport.
Peptide & Amino Acid Transport
- Intact proteins are not typically absorbed into the hepatic portal vein.
- Intestinal damage or "leakiness" can lead to the absorption of intact proteins.
- Absorption of intact proteins may result in an immune reaction or food allergy.
Emulsifying Fat
- Emulsifying fat happens by fats becoming soluble with bile.
- Bile salts are amphipathic, being both hydrophilic and lipophilic, similar to soaps or detergents.
Breakdown of Fat by Lipase
- Lipase breaks down fat droplets into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
Lipid Absorption & Transport
- Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed.
- Triglycerides are reassembled and packaged into chylomicrons, a type of lipoprotein.
- Chylomicrons are too large to cross the capillary wall, so they are absorbed into the lymphatic system.
- Lipids re-enter circulation via the thoracic duct near the heart.
Large Intestinal Phase of Digestion & Absorption
- Ileal chyme, a chemical and particle-rich liquid, enters from the ileum.
- Unabsorbed nutrients, hormones, chemical messengers, soluble fiber (prebiotic), insoluble fiber (bulking agent), microbes (probiotics), cellular debris and liver excretion products are found in the large intestine.
Large Intestine (Cecum & Colon) Function
- Colonic epithelium absorbs water and simple ions like sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium.
- Resident microbes digest and absorb chemicals that they can via fermentation.
- This produces short-chain fatty acids.
- Resident microbes produce vitamins (K, some B vitamins) as a byproduct of their metabolism.
- Resident microbes produce gases (carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide) during digestion.
- Newly arriving live microbes seek to colonize the microbial ecosystem.
Motivation to Eat
- Hedonic hunger/eating involves eating to obtain pleasure in the absence of an energy deficit.
- Homeostatic hunger/eating involves an increased motivation to eat after depletion of energy stores.
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