Questions and Answers
The concept of face refers to:
A classic example of a collectivistic culture is:
Which of the following is true of face-restoration?:
Face-giving is a facework strategy that privileges:
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The strategy of enlisting third-party help in resolving a conflict:
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When handling conflict, individuals who are more concerned with the face of others than their own usually:
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The response that is not typical of individuals from collectivistic cultures is:
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Ting-Toomey maintains that the conventional focus on obliging, compromising, dominating, and integrating:
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Self-construal refers to:
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A criticism of new research by Ting-Toomey and John Oetzel involves:
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Ting-Toomey assumes that people of all cultures are always negotiating their public self-image.
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We-identity is to Americans as I-identity is to the Japanese.
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Face is an Asian concept that is not particularly important to Westerners.
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In a conflict, people from collectivistic cultures are generally more likely to focus on face-restoration than face-giving.
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Facework refers to efforts to expose the true feelings and hidden agendas of one's counterpart in negotiation.
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Students from collectivistic cultures tend to favor other-face concern.
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For Asians, the integration means achieving peace with one another.
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Third-party mediators in large power distance cultures are usually people who are honored and respected by both parties in the dispute.
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Members of individualistic cultures tend to rely on the conflict resolution technique of dominating.
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Oetzel and Ting-Toomey claim that ethnic/cultural background is a better predictor of conflict styles than self-construal.
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Study Notes
Face Concept
- Face is a psychological image that can be granted, lost, fought for, and presented as a gift; it encompasses public self-image and relational presentation.
Cultural Examples
- Japan is identified as a classic example of a collectivistic culture, contrasting with individualistic cultures like the United States.
Face-Restoration
- Face-restoration strategies focus on preserving personal autonomy during conflicts rather than on inclusion or support for others.
Face-Giving Strategy
- Face-giving prioritizes concern for others’ face, contrasting with self-face strategies.
Conflict Resolution Strategies
- Enlisting third-party help is utilized by both collectivists and individualists, highlighting its universal applicability in conflict resolution.
Conflict Handling Styles
- Individuals concerned with others’ face tend to show obliging behavior, while individuals from collectivistic cultures typically avoid dominating behaviors in conflict situations.
Research on Conflict Strategies
- Ting-Toomey critiques traditional conflict resolution strategies as inadequate, arguing they fail to capture the nuances of face concerns that impact strategy choice.
Self-Construal
- Self-construal reflects the extent to which individuals see themselves as autonomous from or interconnected with others, influencing their cultural identity.
Research Criticism
- Criticism of Ting-Toomey and Oetzel's research centers on their reliance on self-report data, which might not capture the full cultural spectrum of conflict management.
Cultural Identity
- People in all cultures continually negotiate their public self-image, asserting the universal relevance of face in social interactions.
We-identity vs. I-identity
- The notion of We-identity (group focus) does not equate to I-identity (individual focus) across cultural contexts, with implications differing between Americans and Japanese.
Importance of Face
- Face is a crucial concept across cultures, including Western contexts, countering the idea that it is solely an Asian concept.
Focus on Face in Collectivistic Cultures
- In collectivistic cultures, there is a greater tendency to focus on face-giving rather than restoring face during conflicts.
Understanding Facework
- Facework involves efforts to maintain or enhance one's own or others' face rather than exposing true feelings or hidden agendas.
Other-Face Concern
- Students from collectivistic cultures show a preference for strategies that prioritize concern for others’ face, demonstrating cultural values in conflict resolution.
Integration in Asian Cultures
- In Asian contexts, integration typically means achieving harmony and peace, reflecting cultural priorities.
Role of Third-Party Mediators
- In high power distance cultures, respected third-party mediators often facilitate conflict resolution due to their honored status in disputes.
Dominating Conflict Resolution
- Members of individualistic cultures frequently employ dominating techniques during conflicts, highlighting a cultural approach to conflict dynamics.
Ethnic/Cultural Background Influence
- Oetzel and Ting-Toomey argue that self-construal is not a more effective predictor of conflict styles than ethnic or cultural background, emphasizing the role of culture in these processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge of small group communication concepts with these flashcards. Learn about important terms and definitions that are crucial for understanding group dynamics and cultural differences. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their communication skills.
