Slovak Invariable Words: Adverbs

Study Notes

The text discusses invariable parts of speech in Slovak, specifically adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections.

Invariable words denoting circumstances of an action, such as place, time, manner, and cause.
Examples of place adverbs: hore (up), vpravo (right), dole (down), vľavo (left), vonku (outside), domov (home).
Examples of time adverbs: včera (yesterday), dnes (today), zajtra (tomorrow), večer (evening).
Examples of manner adverbs: pekne (nicely), vysoko (high), nahlas (loudly).
Examples of cause adverbs: naschvál (deliberately), úmyselne (intentionally), náročky (on purpose), náhodou (accidentally), nechtiac (unintentionally), mimovoľne (involuntarily), omylom (by mistake), naprotiveň (contrarily).

Often derived from qualitative adjectives using suffixes.
Example: zlý (bad) -> zle (badly), milý (nice) -> milo (nicely), ľudský (human) -> ľudsky (in a human way), poľský (Polish) -> po poľsky (in Polish).
Through the fossilization of other parts of speech, such as nouns in cases without prepositions (e.g., domov, ráno, večer).
Fossilization of prepositional phrases and verb forms also create adverbs.
Adverbs that originate from qualitative adjectives have comparative forms (milo - milšie - najmilšie).
These adverbs can function as adverbial modifiers or non-congruent attributes.

treba, možno, zima, tma, teplo form the core of single-member sentences.
Correct and incorrect forms are noted, such as bolo treba (correct) vs. trebalo (incorrect).

Adverbs formed from prepositional phrases with "s, z" are written together, respecting pronunciation.
Color and time adverbs can be written separately or together.
Some adverbs have variant suffixes which are both correct.
Compound adverbs are written together.

Invariable words expressing relationships between words.
Divided into primary and secondary prepositions.
Primary prepositions cannot function as other parts of speech. Classified as simple (k, ku, nad, za) or compound (popod, popri, ponad).
Secondary prepositions can also function as other parts of speech. Classified by origin (nouns, adverbs, or verbs).

Vowel addition to prepositions "k, s, v, z" for easier pronunciation before vowels (ku Katke, vo vedre, so sestrou).
Exceptions exist in the assimilation of prepositions k, s, v, z with personal pronoun forms, retaining separate forms (so mnou).

Invariable words connecting words or clauses.
Coordinate conjunctions link equivalent words/clauses, while subordinate conjunctions link unequal ones.
Differentiated examples of či (whether) as a particle and conjunction.

Commas are used before all subordinate conjunctions, opposing and escalating conjunctions, and repeated additive/disjunctive conjunctions.
Commas are not used before additive and disjunctive conjunctions if only one conjunction is present, or before comparative conjunctions without a following verb.

Invariable words expressing the speaker's personal attitude and adding various nuances to a statement.
Divided into introductory (connecting to the whole statement) and specifying (relating to a single word).

Commas are present if the particle applies to the whole sentence or can be removed without affecting the remaining sentence's construction.
Commas are used to specify a part of the statement or to express an attitude toward the statement and can be used with greetings.

Invariable words expressing emotions, will or imitating sounds.
Can exceptionally function as verbs.
Divided into proper (emotional or volitional) and onomatopoeic (animal or real-world sounds).
Contact words such as greetings, curses and exclamations also belong to interjections.

Often function as single-member exclamatory sentences, indicated by an exclamation mark(!).
Commas are used when interjections begin a sentence.
'i' is written after hard consonants and commas are present if interjections include an address and frozen forms are written together.