سلوك الحيوان

Animal Behaviour

• Animal behavior is an action carried out by the muscular or hormonal systems, controlled by the nervous system in response to a stimulus.
• Animal physiology contributes to behaviour, and behaviour influences physiology.
• Behavioural selection acts on anatomy because body form and appearance are crucial for recognition and communication.
• Early ethologists studied animal behaviour for practical purposes, such as hunting.
• Natural theologians during the Middle Ages documented animal behaviour as part of general biology.
• Animal behaviour became a formal discipline in the early 1900s.
• Modern studies of animal behaviour emerged in the late 1900s and early 2000s.
• Red-crowned cranes ( Grus japonensis) engage in elaborate behaviours, like dancing, prancing, and displaying items.

Studying Animal Behavior

• The study of animal behaviour helps understand animal actions, including human actions.
• Behaviour links the nervous system to the external world.
• Behaviour establishes and maintains the animal's ecological niche.
• Animal behaviour is based on complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. This contrasts with the idea that behaviour is solely determined by nature (genes) or nurture (environment).
• Behaviour is the result of genetic and environmental factors; it's essential for survival and reproduction.
• Behaviour is subject to natural selection over time. Natural selection drives evolutionary change, with better-adapted individuals passing on their traits.

Stimuli and Types

• A stimulus is any change in the biotic and abiotic environment that elicits a reaction or response in a living organism.
• Internal Stimuli: Examples include hunger (need for energy), thirst (loss of internal fluid), and pain (indication of injury).
• External Stimuli: Examples include predator sounds, potential mates, and changes in daylight.

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