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Social Science Class X: Study Notes

• An educational resource designed to help students succeed, focusing on Social Science.
• Study material is for Class X board exams in the English medium.

Message from Nidhi Pande, Commissioner, Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

• Achieving academic brilliance in school education represents the highest priority.
• Students, teachers, and leaders dedicate themselves for constant growth.
• The material aligns with learning goals and ensures students follow directions.
• A 'Student Support Material' is an essential tool to guide the subject of Social Science.
• It is designed for students in Classes 9–12.
• The Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan's materials have great quality.
• Other educational institutions use it as reading material for examinations.
• The communication is positive and is expected to bring students to success.

Index of Topics and Chapters

Unit 1: India and the Contemporary World – II (History)

• Ch 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (pg 3-11)
• Ch 2: Nationalism in India + MAP (pg 11-22)
• Ch 3: The Making of a Global World (Subtopics: 1 to 1.3 -Pre-Modern World to Conquest, Disease and trade) (pg 22-24)
• Ch 5: Print Culture and the Modern World (pg 25-30)
• Unit 1 is worth 20 marks for Board Examinations

Unit 2: Contemporary India – II (Geography)

• Ch 1: Resources and Development (pg 30-38)
• Ch 2: Forest and Wildlife (pg 38-43)
• Ch 3: Water Resources + MAP (pg 44-47)
• Ch 4: Agriculture (pg 48-51)
• Ch 5: Minerals and Energy Resources + MAP (pg 52-58)
• Ch 6: Manufacturing Industries + MAP (pg 59-63)
• Ch 7: Lifelines of National Economy (pg 63-65)
• Unit 2 is worth 20 marks for Board Examinations

Unit 3: Democratic Politics - II (Political Science)

• Ch 1: Power Sharing (pg 66-72)
• Ch 2: Federalism (pg 72-77)
• Ch 3: Gender, Religion and Caste (pg 77-82)
• Ch 4: Political Parties (pg 82-87)
• Ch 5: Outcomes of Democracy (pg 87-92)
• Unit 3 is worth 20 marks for Board Examinations

Unit 4: Understanding Economic Development (Economics)

• Ch 1: Development (pg 92-96)
• Ch 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy (pg 96-102)
• Ch 3: Money and Credit (pg 103-110)
• Ch 4: Globalization and the Indian Economy (pg 110-112)
• Unit 4 is worth 20 marks for Board Examinations

Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

• Suggested topics by CBSE include:
  • The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
  • The Making of Nationalism in Europe
  • The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
  • The Making of Germany and Italy
  • Visualizing the Nation
  • Nationalism and Imperialism

The Making of Germany and Italy

• The building of the German Nation was dominated by the power of Prussia.
• During the mid-19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, with Sardinia-Piedmont as the only one ruled by an Italian princely house.
• The Act of Union of 1707 unified England and Scotland to create the “United Kingdom of Great Britain”.

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

• Class of people united by a common way of life came into being during the French Revolution of 1789
• This affected regional divisions.
• Ideas of national unity and liberalism were closely allied, but reverted to the old system of limited suffrage under Napolean.
• In 1834, the Zollverein customs union was formed at the initiative of Prussia & was joined by most German states.
• Secret societies were then set up in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Poland.

Important Terms: Understanding Key Vocabulary

• Republic - a state where power rests with the people and the head of state is elected.
• Democratic Republic - a government where rulers are elected.
• Socialism - an economic system where goods are produced, owned and distributed by the citizens of a society.
• Absolute monarchy - A form of monarchy holding absolute power.
• Aristocracy - a group believed to be superior usually due to rank, wealth, etc
• Utopian - a vision of an ideal society that is unlikely to exist.
• Nation-state - a society with a common descent, language, history, and government within defined limits.
• Nationalism - feelings of loyalty and devotion towards a nation and having a collective identity.
• Universal Suffrage - the right of all adult citizens to vote in an election.
• Conservatism - Commitment to traditional values and opposition to innovation.
• Ottoman Empire - Turkish Muslim empire ruled by the Khalipha.
• Ideology - a system of ideas reflecting specific social and political aspirations.
• Ethnic - Relating to a racial, tribal, or cultural origin.
• Allegory - A story with two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
• Romanticism - A cultural movement that promoted national sentiment and a feeling of collective heritage.

Important Events and Figures

• 1789: The French Revolution took place.
• 1797: Napoleon invaded Italy, beginning the Napoleonic Wars.
• 1801: Ireland was forcibly integrated into the United Kingdom.
• 1804: Introduction of the Napoleonic Code/Civil Code, that abolished birth privileges.
• 1814-1815: Napoleon was defeated by European powers, including Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria.
• 1815: European powers convened in Vienna to create a settlement for Europe (Treaty of Vienna).
• 1821: The Greek struggle for independence began.
• 1848: Revolutions across Europe occurred.
• 1859-1870: Italian unification.
• 1866-1871: German unification.

Additional Details on Nation and Nationalism

• Nation (State): is composed of common descent, language, history, and government.
• Frederic Sorrieu: artist who visualized a utopian world of democratic and social republics.
• Giuseppe Mazzini: played main role in Italian unification through “Young Italy"

Unification of Germany

• Nationalist feelings grew among Germans.
• In 1848, political associations voted for The Frankfurt Assembly
• This proposed unifying Germany under a constitutional monarchy under the Prussian King.
• Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck unified Germany, using “Blood and Iron” policy.
• The Prussian King, Kaiser William, became German Emperor on January 18, 1871.
• 'Marianne' and 'Germania': female allegories symbolizing nations.
• The main transformation by France was to replace the concept of the Father Land
  • This was replaced with national allegories.
• Napoleonic Code of 1804 abolished privilege established equality before law and administrative reform.

Nationalism and Imperialism

• Nationalism became limited at the close of the 19th Century ,
• The intolerance of Big Power rivalries caused Nationalism to turn to imperialism, leading to World War I.

Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

• Key points suggested by CBSE:
  • First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
  • Differing strands within the non-cooperation movement
  • Towards Civil Disobedience
  • The Sense of Collective Belonging

First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

• During WW1 increased taxes and prices
• Forced recruitment occurred, causing widespread anger.
• Crop failure, with millions left with little food or without supplies.
• With the Rowlatt Act of 1919 the government could imprison any person without trial up to 2 years.
• Mahatma Gandhi then decided to spread non-cooperation
• A Khilafat Committee to advocate Indian Muslim's interests, protest mistreatment to of the Turkish Caliph, their spiritual leader.
• At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-Cooperation program was adopted.

Differing Strands within the Movement

• In January of 1921, the non-cooperation of various social groups lead to different individual meanings
• Thousands of students, teachers, lawyers resigned and gave their rights.
• Council elections were boycotted, along with foreign goods.
• Low wages and poor working conditions forced mill workers of Ahmedabad to start a movement under the mentorship of Gandhiji in 1918.
• The Act then gave the power to imprison any person without trial for a period of two years.
• Led by Muhammed and Shaukat Ali, to protest the injustice done to Turkey by Britain

Towards Civil Disobedience & The Sense of Collective Belonging

• It means non violent resitance.
• In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the movement
• Tribal peasants interpreted the ideas of the people when it came to trade.
• To promote collective belonging nationalist leaders revived Indian folklore.
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created an image of Bharat Mata
• The Gandhi-lord Irwin Pact was signed Between Both
  • Gandhi agreed to discontinue Civil Disobediance movement.
  • Irwin promised to release political prisoners.
• Poona Pact: Signed Between Garndiji and Ambedkar and accepted demand for reservation of seats for Dalits.

Important Events: Key Timeline

• 1885: Indian National Congress first meeting.
• 1917: Satyagraha Movement in Kheda District.
• 1918: Satyagraha Movement in Ahmedabad.
• 1919: Rowlatt Act was Passed.
• 1919, April 10th: Amritsar police fired on peaceful procession.
• 1919, March: Khilafat Committee founded.
• 1919, April 13: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• 1920, September: Decision to start Non-Cooperation Movement.
• 1920, December: Adoption of Non-cooperation program.
• 1922, February: Gandhi decided to Withdraw Movement.
• 1923, January: Swaraj Party was started.
• 1928: Simon Commission arrived in India.
• 1929, December: Demand for Purna Swaraj.
• 1930, January 26: Independence day celebrated.
• 1930, January 31: Gandhiji states 11 demands in letter to Irwin.
• 1930, April 6: Salt march reached Dandi.
• 1930: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar established Depressed Classes Association.
• 1931, March 5: Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed.
• 1931, December: Gandhiji left for Second Round Table Conference.
• 1932, September: Poona Pact signed.
• 1934: Civil Disobedience Movement was called off.
• 1937: Elections held.
• 1939: WW2 broke ot

Chapter -3 The Making of a Global World

• Includes the Pre-Modern World
• Focuses on Silk Routes Link the World.
• Talks about Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato.
• Pre-Modern World Globalization has its roots in trade and labor flows.

Silk Routes

• These routes example of trade linked regions of Asia, Europe, and Africa.
• In exchange for textiles from India precious metals like gold flowed from Europe → Asia.

Food Travels

• Spaghetti originated from noodles from China becoming traditional Italian food.
• Many of today's known food products like potatoes only came into European existance over the past 500 years.

Important Events

• As early as 3000 BCE an active seaside trade linked the Indus Valley civs with present-day West Asia.

Multiple Choice Questions

• the triangular trade route involved the exchange of goods between Eur, Africa, & North America.

Chapter-5 PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

• Key Topics-
  • The First Printed Books
  • Print Comes to Europe
  • The Print Revolution and its Impact
  • The Reading Mania
  • The Nineteenth Century
  • India and the World of Print
  • Religious Reform and Public Debates
  • New Forms of Publication
  • Print and Censorship.

The print revolution

• The rise of Print Culture, new reading public was books flooding the market, content focused on everyday people and folk, folk tales, pictures.

Religious debate

• Lead to new world of debate discussion.
• Printed books not welcomed by everyone.
• Thoughts of some could spread.
• This affected religion, for example with Martin Lither and the start of the Reformation
  • This ultimately lead to conflict.

Reading mania

• Literacy rates went up and there was therefore an increase in the demand for books.
• The development of periodic presses brought together news and entertainment.

Revolution

• Print culture brought about new enviorments
• Print caused ideas of thinkers to be popular.
• Print brought new culture of debates
• Print caused criticism of the royalty, which opened people's minds

Terms to Know

• Vellum :- A parchment made from the skin of animals. - Ulema :- Legal scholar of Islam and the sharia. - Ballad :- a historical account or folk tales usually sung or recited. - Taverns :- places where people gather to drink alcohol to be served food and to meet friends. - Chapbook :- pocket size books that are sold by traveling pedlars - Novel:- Modern form of literature.

More Details

• 768-770AD - Printing Introduced To Japan.
• 868AD - Diamond Sutra Printed Japan.
• 1295- Marco Polo, book woodblocks Europe.
• Johann Gutenberg invented printing press
• 1448- Gutenberg The Bible.
• 1878- Vernacular press act.
• Woman-writers write on inequality
• Low prints books were sold on caste

Nationalism

• Helped grow nationalism India- print news to spread India and to get India the independence

CHAPTER 1 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

• Everything in our environment used to satisfy needs is a resource.
• Resources have led to problems of depletion;
• There is also accumulation of resources in few hands,
• Ecological Crises include global warming, Ozone Layer depletion, env pollution and the land degradation.
• Sustainable Economic Development is: Development without damaging environment
• Resource planning is used for judicious use of resources
• India: has varieties of Relief Resources. Mountains, Plateaus, and Plains, need mapping and the study of qualitative and quantitative analyses
  • Forests
  • Land not for cultivation
  • Barren and Wasteland are of interest, with land put to non agricultural uses.
• Human activities like Deforestation, overgrazing, and mining have contributed to land degradation.

SOIL as a resource.

• The most important renewable natural resource helps plant growth.
• Different rocks form varying types of soils- Climate, vegetation and time are important factors to be taken into consideration for any soil formation.
• Alluvial Soils cover Northern Plains and were deposited by Himalayan river systems. - Alluvial soils are further classified as Old Alluvial (Bangar) and New Alluvial (Khadar).
• Black Soil covers Maharashtra and parts of Saurashtra is ideal for growing Cotton.
• Red And Yellow Soils, Develop on Crystaline rocks.
• Laterite In tropical and subtropical climate.

Soil Erosion and Conservation.

• Denudation of soil with subsequent washing is soil erosion.
• Contour Ploughing, Terrace farming, and Strip Cropping are essential elements of preventing loss of soil.

chapter-2 forest and wildlife resources

• Conserve water, air, and soil.
• Indian wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972.
• Government have been divided into following category:. - Reserved Forest : More than half land has declared as reserved forest - Protectd forest: One third forest area is protected forest department. - Unclasses forest: Waste land both for govenment and private both.
• India holds 8th global Biodiversity rank.
• India's environment is being stressed.
• Man has worked to protect wildlife in different environments.
• Famous chipko movement a movement to hug trees

CHAPTER-3 WATER RESOURCES

• Dams: A barrier that obstructs/directs/retards waterflow, forms reservoir/lake/impoundment. -Multi purpose projects fulfills a variety of purposes at the same time such as irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, fish breeding; some others help in domestic and industrial uses.
• Water Scarcity: Shortage of water for a sustained period.
• Conserve due safety, to ensure for health, productive, livelihoods, and activities, and ecosystem protection. -Rainwater harvesting – Collecting and storing rain water that runs off from roof tops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc;. this runoff can be eitherStored or recharged into the ground.
• “Guls' or Kuls'. Diversion channels for agriculture in hill and mountainous regions.
• 'Khadins' and 'Johads' - Rain fed storage structures in Agricultural land .moistens soils.
• Bamboo Drip Irrigation -Type of irrigation in drops .near to the roots.
• Inundation channels are in in flood plains of Bengal. people developed water to their fields.

CHAPTER - 4 AGRICULTURE

• Agriculture is a Primitive Subsistence and intensive Subsistence farming.
• Commercial farming.
• Three-fold Seasonal Cropping: Kharif and Rabi and Zaid
• Government implements Land reforms such as: HYV seeds, fertilizer and power.
• The most efficient way to help agriculture is crop insurance, co-op loaning at lower rates with modern equipment.
• Satyagrah is to embrace non-violence in the name of truth.

CHAPTER- -5 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

• defined as naturally homogenous substance minerals.
• Minerals are found in various forms: Igneous,Metamorphic,Sedimentary and ocean water. Metallic and non-metallic also types.
• We have to conserve minerals through recycling and reduction of use.
• Two fold energy resources are what coal, gas, thermal. Electricity, the 2 categories, are conventional versus nuclear non-conventional.
• The tiger Project works toward protecting the tiger.