Podcast
Questions and Answers
25% of inmates convicted of stalking did not have clinical or psychiatric ______
25% of inmates convicted of stalking did not have clinical or psychiatric ______
disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is described as being 'on the ______' between psychosis and neurosis.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is described as being 'on the ______' between psychosis and neurosis.
borderline
Individuals with BPD may experience transient psychotic episodes under severe ______.
Individuals with BPD may experience transient psychotic episodes under severe ______.
stress
Emotional dysregulation in BPD involves intense mood swings and chronic feelings of ______.
Emotional dysregulation in BPD involves intense mood swings and chronic feelings of ______.
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Stalking occurs twice as often among practitioners by ______ compared to the general population.
Stalking occurs twice as often among practitioners by ______ compared to the general population.
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You need ______ hours of sleep to function properly.
You need ______ hours of sleep to function properly.
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Waking up ______ times a night is considered normal.
Waking up ______ times a night is considered normal.
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Sleep is linked to ______ function and hormonal restoration.
Sleep is linked to ______ function and hormonal restoration.
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The biological clock is controlled by the ______ nucleus.
The biological clock is controlled by the ______ nucleus.
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Process S in the two-process model refers to ______ pressure.
Process S in the two-process model refers to ______ pressure.
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Adenosine is a byproduct of ______ consumption in the brain.
Adenosine is a byproduct of ______ consumption in the brain.
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The ______ rhythm is influenced by sunlight and helps regulate melatonin production.
The ______ rhythm is influenced by sunlight and helps regulate melatonin production.
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Studies have shown that 90 minutes of ______ following treatment can improve spider phobia.
Studies have shown that 90 minutes of ______ following treatment can improve spider phobia.
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50-70% are treated with medication (__________), however, CBTI is recognised as the optimal route.
50-70% are treated with medication (__________), however, CBTI is recognised as the optimal route.
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Special attention to dysfunctional sleep related ________ is emphasized in treatment.
Special attention to dysfunctional sleep related ________ is emphasized in treatment.
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A behavioral strategy includes stimulus control, which means the bed is only for ________.
A behavioral strategy includes stimulus control, which means the bed is only for ________.
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Insomnia is often comorbid with ________ and mental disorders.
Insomnia is often comorbid with ________ and mental disorders.
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Individuals with insomnia are 3 times more likely to develop ________.
Individuals with insomnia are 3 times more likely to develop ________.
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A personality trait associated with insomnia is high ________ and perfectionism.
A personality trait associated with insomnia is high ________ and perfectionism.
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Acceptance and psychological flexibility skills are part of the ________ approach.
Acceptance and psychological flexibility skills are part of the ________ approach.
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Attention to sleep can increase ________ and actually hinder sleep entry.
Attention to sleep can increase ________ and actually hinder sleep entry.
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Modern Hunter-gatherer societies, like the ______, are hypothesized to have less depression prevalence.
Modern Hunter-gatherer societies, like the ______, are hypothesized to have less depression prevalence.
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Carlsson et al 2013 found a strong association between urbanization and ______.
Carlsson et al 2013 found a strong association between urbanization and ______.
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Hu et al observed that depressive symptoms decrease as physical ______ increases.
Hu et al observed that depressive symptoms decrease as physical ______ increases.
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In high mismatch societies, best predictors of depression include deviating sleep ______.
In high mismatch societies, best predictors of depression include deviating sleep ______.
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Evolutionary mismatch occurs when the environment changes more rapidly than the time needed for a ______ to adapt.
Evolutionary mismatch occurs when the environment changes more rapidly than the time needed for a ______ to adapt.
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Mismatch can arise through natural sources or human-induced ______ in modern societies.
Mismatch can arise through natural sources or human-induced ______ in modern societies.
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The evolutionary mismatch hypothesis considers the adaptive lag where certain psychological ______ take time to develop.
The evolutionary mismatch hypothesis considers the adaptive lag where certain psychological ______ take time to develop.
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Among the confounding mismatches influencing depression, social media ______ is a significant factor.
Among the confounding mismatches influencing depression, social media ______ is a significant factor.
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Adolescents are particularly vulnerable due to developmental challenges, including identity exploration, peer influence, and fluctuating ________.
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable due to developmental challenges, including identity exploration, peer influence, and fluctuating ________.
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General SMU is weakly linked to both higher levels of well-being (e.g., happiness) and ill-being (e.g., ________ symptoms).
General SMU is weakly linked to both higher levels of well-being (e.g., happiness) and ill-being (e.g., ________ symptoms).
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Substantial variability in individual responses to SMU exists, with some adolescents experiencing ________ effects.
Substantial variability in individual responses to SMU exists, with some adolescents experiencing ________ effects.
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Problematic SMU is characterized by preoccupation, neglect of important life areas, and inability to stop using ________.
Problematic SMU is characterized by preoccupation, neglect of important life areas, and inability to stop using ________.
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Cognitive distortion is an irrational or biased way of thinking that causes individuals to perceive situations or themselves in a negative and often ________ way.
Cognitive distortion is an irrational or biased way of thinking that causes individuals to perceive situations or themselves in a negative and often ________ way.
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Emotional reasoning within phobias is the most common ________ distortion.
Emotional reasoning within phobias is the most common ________ distortion.
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In function analysis, it is important to consider the current ________ and response behavior.
In function analysis, it is important to consider the current ________ and response behavior.
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For the patient, distortion is considered as a positive protective ________ pattern, providing comfort.
For the patient, distortion is considered as a positive protective ________ pattern, providing comfort.
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Low levels of ______ are associated with self-harm in adolescent girls.
Low levels of ______ are associated with self-harm in adolescent girls.
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Optimism can buffer the association between hopelessness and ______ ideation.
Optimism can buffer the association between hopelessness and ______ ideation.
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Cognitive rigidity, rumination, and thought suppression are examples of ______ factors.
Cognitive rigidity, rumination, and thought suppression are examples of ______ factors.
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20% of adolescents reported that the internet or social networking sites influenced their decision to ______.
20% of adolescents reported that the internet or social networking sites influenced their decision to ______.
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Childhood ______ during childhood are strong risk factors for suicidal behavior.
Childhood ______ during childhood are strong risk factors for suicidal behavior.
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Abnormal concentrations of ______ or a maladaptive response to stress are biological precursors for risk.
Abnormal concentrations of ______ or a maladaptive response to stress are biological precursors for risk.
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Psychological autopsy studies collect information from several ______ to understand risk factors for suicide.
Psychological autopsy studies collect information from several ______ to understand risk factors for suicide.
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Feeling of sadness is the first criterion for ______ diagnosis according to DSM.
Feeling of sadness is the first criterion for ______ diagnosis according to DSM.
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Study Notes
Sleep Myths Busted
- Eight hours of sleep isn't necessary for optimal function
- Sleep needs vary greatly between individuals
- Waking up two to three times a night is a normal occurrence
Effects of Sleep Deprivation/Oversleeping
- Cognitive impairment
- Increased heart rate variability
- Elevated risk of heart attacks
- Weakened immune system
Why We Sleep
- Energy conservation
- Immune function maintenance, hormonal restoration (melatonin)
- Memory consolidation (before and after learning)
Sleep and Learning/Memory
- Sleep is crucial to consolidate memories
- Sleep following learning is essential for memory formation
- Sleep replay of memories allows for connections and integration of new memories
Sleep Mechanisms
- Sleep pressure (homeostasis): builds up with wakefulness, reduced during sleep
- Biological clock/Circadian pattern (suprachiasmatic nucleus): regulated by sunlight and melatonin production
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, breathing disorders
- Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias (nightmares)
- Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal (sleepwalking, sleep terrors)
- Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Two-Process Model of Sleep
- Process S (Sleep Pressure): builds up with wakefulness, reduced during sleep.
- Process C (Circadian Rhythm): internal 24-hour clock (regulated by external cues like light)
- Interaction of Process S and C regulates sleep-wakefulness
Sleep Onset, Wakefulness, and Misalignment
- Sleep onset occurs when sleep pressure is high and the circadian rhythm is at a low point.
- Misalignment (e.g., jet lag, shift work) disrupts the two processes, leading to sleep difficulties.
Sleep Stages (REM Sleep):
- Characterized by muscle paralysis, allowing for dreams
- During REM, the visual system is active
- First three sleep cycles are particularly important
Sleep Disorders in the DSM-5
- Insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy
- Breathing-related sleep disorders, Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Parasomnias (including nightmares), Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Treatments for Sleep Disorders
- Light therapy
- Melatonin (except for insomniacs)
- Chronotherapy adjusts bedtime and rising time gradually
- Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (for insomnia)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
- Effective first-line treatment
- Targets dysfunctional, sleep-related thoughts
- Stimulus Control (bed for sleep), Sleep Restriction, Scheduling
- Improves sleep efficiency
- Avoids long-term side effects of medications
Sleep Efficiency
- The ratio of total sleep time to total time in bed
- Improved sleep efficiency is a therapeutic goal
Future Research in Insomnia
- Combining experimental paradigms with neuroimaging to better understand and alleviate distress
- Addressing insufficient responses to CBT for insomnia
Social Media and Sleep
- Problematic smartphone use is associated with lower sleep quality and depressive symptoms
- Technology can create a digital divide and affect educational attainment
Operationalization and Assessment of Problematic Technology Use
- Distinction between problematic use and addiction
- DSM-5 criteria may overestimate technology addiction
- Need for more accurate research methods to assess problematic technology use
Operationalization of mental health impacts
- Social Media (SMU) is significantly linked with both higher and lower wellbeing
Psychology of Suicidal Behaviour
- Understanding suicidal ideation and behaviour critical for effective intervention
- Testing effectiveness of suicide intervention challenging and complex (ethics, randomisation etc.)
- Language matters eg. self-murder
Terror Management Theory
- Humans have an awareness of mortality, leading to a fear of death
- Cultural norms, and belief systems provide a buffer against existential anxiety
Theories of Suicide
- Multiple theories exist, including psychological factors
- Diathesis-stress, interpersonal, socio-cultural perspectives are explored
Personality and Suicide
- Individuals with high neuroticism and low extroversion more susceptible to suicidal ideation
Life Events and Risk Factors
- Experiences of trauma (sexual/physical abuse) and negative life events increase risk for suicidal behaviours.
- Social media influence on suicidal behaviour
Cognitive Distortions
- Irrational or biased thinking causes negative perceptions
- Faulty thinking patterns
- Protective thought patterns, considered positive
- Strategies in CBT
Mismatch Theory in Depression
- Evolutionary mismatches: modern lifestyle differs from ancestral environment contributing to depression.
- Lifestyle factors (sleep, diet, social interaction) are major factors for depression
- Evolutionary pressures led to predispositions to depression in a specific environment
Personality Disorders (Clustering of Characteristics):
- Cluster A(paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal), Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic), Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive)
Borderline Personality Disorder
- Symptoms resembling psychosis and neurosis
- Emotional dysregulation, interpersonal conflicts
- Self-awareness may be present
- Treat with medications (mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics) and psychotherapy (DBT, MBT)
Stalking
- Defined as a fixation, unmet need, or a response to a troubled relationship
- Can result in obsessive behaviours
- Mental health professionals are highly vulnerable.
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Description
Test your knowledge on sleep myths, the effects of sleep deprivation, and the functions of sleep. This quiz covers various aspects of sleep, including its importance in learning and memory consolidation. Additionally, explore the mechanisms of sleep and common sleep disorders.
