Parasomnia Sleeping Disorders

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Questions and Answers

Which category of sleep disorders includes problems related to sleep quantity, quality, and timing?

c. Insomnias

b. Parasomnias

a. Dyssomnias (correct)

d. Hypersomnias

What characterizes parasomnias in terms of sleep disorders?

d. Frequent awakenings during the night

b. Problems with sleep timing and anxiety

a. Problems with sleep quantity and quality

c. Unusual sleep behaviors during sleep (correct)

What is the hallmark of NREM arousal disorder, a type of parasomnia?

a. Recurrent nightmares

d. Nighttime anxiety attacks

c. Frequent sleepwalking

b. Incomplete awakenings from deep sleep involving motor movements (correct)

During which part of the night do NREM arousal disorders most often occur?

c. In the first third of the night Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for NREM arousal disorders, often leading to partial awakenings?

b. External stimuli, such as noise Signup and view all the answers

How is the occurrence of NREM arousal disorders likely explained according to a stress-diathesis model?

d. They result from a combination of stress, sleep deprivation, and certain substances in vulnerable individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is more likely to develop NREM arousal disorders?

c. Children Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of the brain's state during parasomnias like NREM arousal disorder?

b. Different parts of the brain are simultaneously existing in different states of wakefulness and sleep Signup and view all the answers

What are some complex tasks that individuals with NREM arousal disorders may perform during deep sleep episodes?

c. Cooking, eating, and even driving Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of individuals experiencing NREM arousal disorders?

b. They are difficult to rouse but can sometimes be responsive Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with NREM arousal disorders typically recall the episodes the following morning?

b. They usually have no memory of the episode. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the experiences of individuals during NREM Parasomnia sleep terrors?

b. Frightening experiences during deep sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors may be exhibited during sleep terrors?

c. Screaming, walking, sitting up, cowering, speaking 'in tongues' Signup and view all the answers

How does the sleeper typically respond to attempts to wake them during sleep terrors?

c. They may become even more agitated and confused. Signup and view all the answers

What is the memory recall like for individuals who experience sleep terrors after being woken?

c. They often have only a vague memory of the 'dream' content. Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with sleep terrors typically recall the episodes the following morning?

They experience amnesia for the event. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential reason for not requiring treatment for NREM arousal disorders?

If the episodes are occasional Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is recommended for individuals experiencing occasional NREM arousal disorder episodes?

Psychoeducation and advice Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested action for someone witnessing an individual experiencing an NREM arousal episode?

Don't attempt to wake the individual Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is typically considered the first-line treatment for NREM arousal disorders?

Melatonin and benzodiazepines including clonazepam Signup and view all the answers

How can good sleep hygiene and avoiding sleep deprivation contribute to the management of NREM arousal disorders?

They can reduce the likelihood of episodes. Signup and view all the answers

What strategy, especially in pediatric cases, may help manage NREM arousal disorders?

Scheduled awakenings during the night Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder?

A parasomnia characterized by uncoordinated movements and vocalizations during REM sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of movements and vocalizations commonly associated with REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder?

Thrashing, unintelligible speech and screaming Signup and view all the answers

What is the key mechanism that goes awry in REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder?

Muscle atonia (paralysis) during REM sleep Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of adults is estimated to be affected by REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder?

c. Less than 1% Signup and view all the answers

Is REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder more common in men or women?

c. More common in men Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the REM Parasomnia of Nightmare Disorder?

d. The dreams occur during the first half of the sleep period and are vivid and disturbing, awakening the sleeper. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive state is typical upon waking from a nightmare in Nightmare Disorder?

c. They are alert, oriented, and have a clear memory of the dream. Signup and view all the answers

How often must disturbing, vivid dreams occur in Nightmare Disorder to meet the diagnostic criteria?

b. 3+ times a week, plus distress and impairment Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is more likely to experience regular nightmares, according to the information provided?

b. Children and teenagers Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is more common among individuals with Nightmare Disorder?

b. Psychological diagnoses Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended treatments for individuals with Nightmare Disorder?

c. Medication (prazosin) and imagery rehearsal therapy (a form of CBT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the foundational concept of Imagery Rehearsal Therapy for chronic nightmares?

b. Nightmares can become habitual Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is commonly used to select a specific nightmare for imagery rehearsal therapy?

c. A graded approach is used, and the client selects a nightmare they are willing to work on. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the actual process of imagery rehearsal therapy for a selected nightmare?

b. Write a description of the nightmare's beginning as a form of exposure. Signup and view all the answers

When selecting a way to change the nightmare in imagery rehearsal therapy, what are some possibilities?

c. The change can be fanciful, increase the sense of control, and occur before the traumatic event. Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows selecting a way to change the nightmare in Imagery Rehearsal Therapy?

c. The patient writes the nightmare with the selected change. Signup and view all the answers

How is the rehearsal of the dream with the selected change conducted in Imagery Rehearsal Therapy?

c. The client rehearses the dream with the change before bed and practices relaxation during the day. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the occurrence of nightmares as individuals progress through Imagery Rehearsal Therapy?

d. Nightmares occur less often as individuals care less about them. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders related to sleep quantity, quality, and timing are categorized as insomnia and hypersomnia disorders.

Parasomnias

Parasomnias are characterized by abnormal movements or behaviors that occur during sleep.
The hallmark of NREM arousal disorder, a type of parasomnia, is partial arousal from deep sleep, often accompanied by automatic behaviors.
NREM arousal disorders most often occur during the first third of the night.
A common trigger for NREM arousal disorders is stress, which can lead to partial awakenings.
The occurrence of NREM arousal disorders is likely explained by a stress-diathesis model, where stress triggers an underlying predisposition to the disorder.

Characteristics of Parasomnias

The brain's state during parasomnias like NREM arousal disorder is characterized by a mixture of wakefulness and sleep.
Individuals with NREM arousal disorders may perform complex tasks, such as cooking or driving, during deep sleep episodes.
A common characteristic of individuals experiencing NREM arousal disorders is that they are often unaware of their actions during these episodes.
Individuals with NREM arousal disorders typically have little to no recall of the episodes the following morning.

NREM Parasomnia Sleep Terrors

Sleep terrors are characterized by intense fear, screaming, and thrashing during deep sleep.
Behaviors exhibited during sleep terrors may include sitting up, walking, or running.
The sleeper typically responds to attempts to wake them during sleep terrors by becoming agitated or violent.
Memory recall for individuals who experience sleep terrors after being woken is often fragmented or non-existent.
Individuals with sleep terrors typically have little to no recall of the episodes the following morning.

Management of NREM Arousal Disorders

A potential reason for not requiring treatment for NREM arousal disorders is that they are often not frequent or severe enough to cause significant distress.
Individuals experiencing occasional NREM arousal disorder episodes are recommended to practice good sleep hygiene and avoid sleep deprivation.
The suggested action for someone witnessing an individual experiencing an NREM arousal episode is to gently restrain them to prevent injury.
Benzodiazepines are typically considered the first-line treatment for NREM arousal disorders.
Good sleep hygiene and avoiding sleep deprivation can contribute to the management of NREM arousal disorders by reducing triggers.

REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder is characterized by the acting out of dreams during REM sleep.
Examples of movements and vocalizations commonly associated with REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder include talking, laughing, and violent behaviors.
The key mechanism that goes awry in REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder is the paralysis that normally accompanies REM sleep.
Approximately 0.5% of adults are estimated to be affected by REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder.
REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder is more common in men than women.

Nightmare Disorder

Nightmare Disorder is distinguished from other REM Parasomnias by the occurrence of disturbing, vivid dreams that cause significant distress.
Upon waking from a nightmare, individuals typically experience a cognitive state of rapid alertness.
Disturbing, vivid dreams must occur at least once a week for a month to meet the diagnostic criteria for Nightmare Disorder.
Children and adolescents are more likely to experience regular nightmares.
Individuals with Nightmare Disorder are more likely to have a history of trauma or PTSD.
The recommended treatments for individuals with Nightmare Disorder include Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Lucid Dreaming Therapy.

Imagery Rehearsal Therapy

The foundational concept of Imagery Rehearsal Therapy is to rework the nightmare scenario to reduce its distressing nature.
The approach commonly used to select a specific nightmare for imagery rehearsal therapy is to identify the most distressing nightmare.
The first step in the actual process of imagery rehearsal therapy is to write down the details of the selected nightmare.
When selecting a way to change the nightmare, possibilities include changing the setting, characters, or outcome.
The step that follows selecting a way to change the nightmare is to rehearse the dream with the selected change in a vivid, imaginal way.
The rehearsal of the dream with the selected change is conducted in a relaxed, awake state, often with the guidance of a therapist.
As individuals progress through Imagery Rehearsal Therapy, the occurrence of nightmares decreases, and the distress associated with them is reduced.

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Description

Test your knowledge on sleep disorders with this quiz! Learn about different categories of sleep disorders and their characteristics. From dyssomnias to parasomnias, find out what sets them apart and how they affect sleep quality, quantity, and timing. Take the quiz and see how well you know these sleep-related conditions.