Sleep and Pathology Overview - Lecture 7
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of REM sleep in emotional processing?

  • It promotes resilience against emotional trauma.
  • It strengthens negative memories.
  • It consolidates emotional memories and reduces affective responses. (correct)
  • It eliminates emotional memories entirely.

    • Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with insomnia?

  • Difficulty maintaining sleep
  • Frequent awakenings
  • Nightmares
  • Excessive guilt (correct)

    • What are the effects of a 6-hour advanced sleep schedule on depressive symptoms?

  • It delays REM onset and reduces symptoms long-term. (correct)
  • It worsens depressive symptoms.
  • It only increases REM density.
  • It has no measurable impact.

    • Which treatment method is most common for addressing insomnia?

    <p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of memory suppression in relation to sleep?

    <p>It helps weaken memory traces to reduce future memories' intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hypnogram visually represent in the context of sleep staging?

    <p>Sleep stages assigned to non-overlapping epochs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'sleep-wake cycle disorder'?

    <p>A lack of synchronization between an individual's cycle and the desired environmental cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do circadian rhythms play in sleep regulation?

    <p>They regulate the internal sleep clock through rhythmic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults reported sleep problems in the study conducted in 2024?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines non-organic insomnia based on the provided criteria?

    <p>Disruptions in sleep that occur despite the environment’s favorable conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory consolidation, what process is described?

    <p>Reactivation of information leading to long-lasting memory traces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of sleepwalking or somnambulism?

    <p>A state of altered consciousness combining sleep and wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes pavor nocturnus compared to nightmares?

    <p>Pavor nocturnus involves autonomic arousal with violent movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for sleep apnea?

    <p>Chronic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is emotional memory described in relation to its properties?

    <p>Emotional memory can be better consolidated during REM sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is most commonly recommended for sleep apnea?

    <p>Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of psychiatric patients may experience sleep problems?

    <p>20-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical symptom of sleep apnea?

    <p>Pauses in breathing during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about pavor nocturnus?

    <p>It always involves dramatic verbal screaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a known treatment option for sleep apnea?

    <p>Avoiding positions that lead to airway blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best differentiates emotional memory from standard memory?

    <p>Emotional memory includes inherent qualities that affect its recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 7 - Sleep and Pathology: Overview

    • Sleep basics
    • Sleep disorders
    • PTSD
    • Depression and insomnia
    • Sleep staging

    Sleep Staging

    • Assessing sleep architecture is crucial for identifying abnormal sleep patterns
    • Hypnograms are created by dividing sleep recordings into 30-second epochs
    • Sleep stages are assigned to each epoch through visual inspection

    Sleep Stages - Example (N3)

    • EOG (Electrooculogram): Measures eye movements
      • Data from frontal, central, and occipital electrodes are displayed.
    • EMG (Electromyogram): Records muscle activity
      • Data displayed (REM and non-REM)
    • EEG (Electroencephalogram): Measures brain waves
      • Data displayed from frontal, central, and occipital electrodes.
    • Total sleep time decreases with age
    • Wakefulness increases,
    • Reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep
    • Sleep becomes more fragmented throughout the lifespan

    Memory Consolidation

    • Sleep plays a role in the reactivation of newly encoded information
    • Information is transformed into long-lasting memories
    • Sleep rhythms are involved

    Circadian Rhythms

    • Our body's internal clock
    • Clock genes are found in various organs and tissues

    Sleep Regulation

    • Sleep is regulated by rhythmic processes
    • Circadian rhythms regulate the internal sleep clock
    • Sleep pressure interacts with circadian rhythms

    Sleep Disorders: Categories and Prevalence

    • Insomnia: 10% of the population, increases with age
    • Sleep-disordered breathing: 1 billion globally, increases with age
    • Central disorders of hypersomnolence: 0.15% of population
    • Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disruption: up to 44 per 100,000 people
    • Parasomnia: up to 40% of population
    • Sleep-related movement disorders - up to 40 per 100,000.
    • Non-organic sleep disorders
    • Difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or early-morning awakenings.

    Sleep Disorders: Specifics

    • Sleepwalking (somnambulism): Altered consciousness, reduced consciousness, reduced reactivity and dexterity; no memory of sleepwalking after waking.
    • Night terrors (pavor nocturnus): episodes of extreme fear, panic, often violent movements, and autonomic arousal; no memory of events after waking up.
    • Nightmares/anxiety dreams: vivid dream experiences, intense fear; themes such as threats to safety, often recur.

    Organic Diseases/Substances

    • Chronic kidney, gastrointestinal disease
    • Chronic pain
    • Epilepsy
    • Heart and lung disease
    • Headaches
    • Stroke
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Alcohol, antibiotics, anti-dementia drugs, blood pressure medications, hormone supplements

    Hypersomnia (Sleep Apnea)

    • Symptoms: snoring, pauses in breathing, headaches, non-restorative sleep, daytime tiredness
    • Prevalence: 2-4% of population, increases to 10-20% with higher age
    • Risk Factors: obesity, males
    • Treatment: Weight loss, CPAP, other medications as prescribed

    Comorbidity of Sleep Disorders

    • 20-40% of psychiatric patients experience sleep problems
    • Sleep problems can be risk factors for mental disorders like PTSD, or symptoms of mental disorders.
    • Sleep is essential in the treatment of mental disorders.

    Emotional Memory

    • Memories composed of memory and affective tone
    • Sleep consolidates declarative information from emotional content, including but not limited to memories and details of a story or event.
    • Sleep consolidates emotional memories, while reducing their affective impact

    Emotional Regulation

    • REM sleep consolidates emotional memories, mediating their impact
    • Sleep over time reduces the affective element of emotional memories, so emotions attached fade.

    Sleep and PTSD

    • Sleep disturbances are risk factors in PTSD development
    • Sleep can lead to development of PTSD but sleep can be a protective factor or a resilience strategy.

    Behavioral PTSD Therapy & Sleep

    • Imagery rescripting is a therapy to modify aversive memories through integration of novel and adaptive information during sleep.
    • Sleep may amplify changes in physiological distress from imagery rescripting.
    • Intrusive thoughts, often related to PTSD, can be exacerbated by sleep disturbances.

    Memory Suppression

    • Suppressing memories is useful, suppressing memories of the past leads to weakened memories.

    Sleep Deprivation

    • Affects sleep-related cognitive processes, including memory
    • Mood disturbances and impaired cognitive functioning can occur.
    • Results in more intrusions after sleep deprivation

    Depression

    • Depressive disorders often involve a depressed mood and loss of interest for long periods.
    • Prevalence: 3-5% of population; more common in women.
    • Symptoms: poor concentration, excessive guilt, low self-worth, disrupted sleep, thoughts about dying or suicide, tiredness, or low energy
    • Sleep is impacted by and impacts the severity of depressive disorders.

    REM and Depression

    • REM sleep alterations may be a biomarker for depression
    • However, findings are confounded by age and sex, also other mental disorders display REM alterations
    • Early REM onset and reduced SWS are symptoms of mood disorders.

    Circadian Disruption

    • Circadian rhythms can be phase-advanced in individuals
    • A 6-hour delay in circadian rhythm may result in earlier REM onset, or affect the duration of REM sleep.
    • Sleep deprivation, which acts anti-depressive by counteracting the S-process in the body, may be beneficial for those affected by mood disorders.

    Insomnia

    • Prevalence: 10% of the population, increases with age and is more prevalent in women
    • Health risks: heart attacks, high blood pressure, obesity, substance addiction, anxiety, or suicidal ideology or trend

    Insomnia & Depression

    • Bi-directional relationship between insomnia and depression
    • Insomnia increases risks for depression.
    • Treatment of insomnia is essential component in treatment of comorbid mental disorders.

    Insomnia Treatment

    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a common treatment
    • Restructuring thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to alleviate risk factors for and symptoms of insomnia.
    • Treatment is effective in insomnia patients and results persist over time.

    CBT-I in PTSD and Depression

    • CBT-I is effective for PTSD and depression.
    • Significant effects on sleep latency, wakefulness, sleep efficiency, and related symptoms.
    • Large effects on insomnia, depressive symptoms, and sleep-related symptoms
    • Breathing techniques, meditation, guided imagery
    • Cognitive techniques to mitigate concerns about problems falling asleep
    • Establishing routines and improving sleep hygiene can be beneficial.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 7 - Sleep and Pathology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 7 on sleep and its associated pathologies. Topics include sleep basics, sleep disorders such as PTSD and depression, and the significance of sleep staging. Additionally, it explores age-related changes in sleep patterns and the role of sleep in memory consolidation.

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