Skull Bone Identification

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Questions and Answers

Which term is also used to refer to the skull, particularly emphasizing its role as a protective covering for the brain?

  • Mandible
  • Cranium (correct)
  • Vertebra
  • Maxilla

When viewing the skull from a superior perspective, which suture is located between the frontal and parietal bones?

  • Coronal suture (correct)
  • Lambdoid suture
  • Squamosal suture
  • Sagittal suture

Which of the following describes the piriform aperture relative to its surrounding structures?

  • A foramen located within the occipital bone.
  • An opening bordered by the maxilla and nasal bones. (correct)
  • An opening within the sphenoid bone.
  • An orbital space formed by the ethmoid and lacrimal bones.

What is the term for the uppermost point of the skull when viewed from the norma lateralis?

<p>Vertex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temporal fossa is formed by the joining of which two bones, also listing the arch that borders it inferiorly?

<p>The squamous part of the temporal and parietal bones, bordered inferiorly by the zygomatic arch. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the most prominent elevation located in the middle of the external surface of the occipital bone?

<p>External occipital protuberance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following landmarks is NOT typically examined from the Norma basalis (basis cranii externa)?

<p>Coronal suture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the removal of the calvaria, what structure is observed from above?

<p>base of the cranial cavity (basis cranii interna – cranial vault) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones primarily constitute the structure of the calvaria?

<p>Frontal, parietal, and occipital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures does NOT form the base of the anterior cranial fossa?

<p>Crista galli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior border of the middle cranial fossa is formed by which structure?

<p>Posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features defines the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

<p>Dorsum sellae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding its position relative to the zygomatic arch and the mandible, where is the infratemporal fossa located?

<p>Inferomedial and medial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT form a border of the infratemporal fossa?

<p>Mastoid process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of the pterygopalatine fossa?

<p>Medial to the infratemporal fossa and connected to it by the pterygomaxillary fissure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bony structure forms the base (inferior border) of the pterygopalatine fossa?

<p>Pyramidal process of the palatine bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which structure does the pterygopalatine fossa connect to the infratemporal fossa?

<p>Pterygomaxillary fissure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a connection of the pterygopalatine fossa with surrounding fossae or regions?

<p>The anterior cranial fossa through the cribriform plate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall approximate shape of the orbit?

<p>Pyramidal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lateral wall of the orbit is formed by which bones?

<p>Sphenoid and zygomatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The orbit connects to the middle cranial fossa through which openings?

<p>Optic canal and superior orbital fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural component separates the right and left nasal cavities?

<p>Nasal septum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opening of each nasal cavity into the pharynx called?

<p>Choanae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structural component forming the nasal septum?

<p>Nasal conchae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the plate-like structures called that are located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

<p>Conchae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nasal concha is an independent bone rather than part of the ethmoid bone?

<p>Inferior nasal concha (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the spaces located underneath each nasal concha called?

<p>Meatuses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the soft, membranous gaps between cranial bones in newborns?

<p>Fonticulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fonticulus is typically the largest and closes latest in newborns?

<p>Anterior fonticulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately when does the posterior fonticulus typically close in infants?

<p>Between the 1st and 6th month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anthropological landmark on the skull where the os parietale, os frontale, os sphenoidale, and os temporale converge?

<p>Pterion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines the location of the Bregma point on the skull?

<p>Junction of the Os frontale and both Os parietale. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most prominent point on the external occipital protuberance is called:

<p>Lambda (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the glabella located on the front of the skull?

<p>Between the superciliary arches on the frontal bone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defined anatomical location exists at the intersection of the frontal and nasal bones?

<p>Nasion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term used to describe the point located at the lower tip of the anterior midline of the mandible?

<p>Gnathion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which norma is the hard palate (palatum durum) best examined?

<p>Norma basalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure marks the anterior border of the middle cranial fossa?

<p>Posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bony landmarks can be observed in the posterior cranial fossa?

<p>Foramen magnum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key connection between the pterygopalatine fossa and the nasal cavity?

<p>Sphenopalatine foramen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the 'roof' of the orbit?

<p>Frontal bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the location of the infratemporal fossa relative to the zygomatic arch?

<p>Inferior and medial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones contribute to the formation of the nasal septum?

<p>Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and vomer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the anatomical relationship between the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa?

<p>The pterygopalatine fossa is located medial to the infratemporal fossa. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foramina directly connects the orbit to the pterygopalatine fossa?

<p>Inferior orbital fissure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones contributes to the anterior border of the anterior cranial fossa??

<p>Frontal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fontanelle is typically the last to close in an infant, often remaining open until well into the second year of life?

<p>Anterior fonticulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When viewing the skull from above (norma superior), which suture is observed between the occipital and parietal bones?

<p>Lambdoid suture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific bones articulate at the pterion?

<p>Frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?

<p>Superior border formed by the inferior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

<p>Dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which perspective is the vertex of the skull best observed?

<p>Norma lateralis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures lies within the anterior cranial fossa?

<p>Crista galli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary shape of the orbit?

<p>Pyramidal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the formation of the temporal fossa?

<p>Formed by the squamous part of the temporal bone and the parietal bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In newborns, unfused cranial bones are connected by membranous intervals. What term describes these areas?

<p>Fonticuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the cranium?

<p>Forms a protective covering for the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the skull is viewed from the norma frontalis, which opening is most prominent?

<p>Piriform aperture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the nasal septum?

<p>Middle nasal concha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which direction is the occiput best observed?

<p>Norma lateralis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fossa directly contains the eye and its related structures?

<p>Orbit (orbital fossa) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which opening provides a key connection between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa?

<p>Optic canal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the plate-like structures on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity called?

<p>Conchae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key structure observed from the norma basalis (basis cranii externa)?

<p>Hard palate (palatum durum) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone does NOT contribute to the medial wall of the orbit?

<p>Frontal bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical term is used to describe the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx?

<p>Choana (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bone does the inferior nasal concha attach to?

<p>Maxilla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the meatuses located in relation to the nasal conchae?

<p>Below (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sutures is located between the two parietal bones?

<p>Sagittal suture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is typically examined when focusing on the Norma occipitalis?

<p>External occipital protuberance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes an aspect of the anterior fonticulus?

<p>It is typically the largest fontanelle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the nasal cavity, what is the significance of the nasal conchae?

<p>They create spaces, known as meatuses, which enhance air turbulence and filtration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which view (norma) of the skull is the sagittal suture typically observed?

<p>Norma superior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which norma of the skull can you observe the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures collectively?

<p>Norma superior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the piriform aperture, as observed in the Norma frontalis?

<p>It serves as the primary opening to the nasal cavities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe the spatial relationship between the vertex and the occiput when viewing the skull from the Norma lateralis?

<p>The vertex is located superior to the occiput. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bony structures converge to form the temporal fossa, and what arch bounds this fossa inferiorly?

<p>Temporal and parietal bones; zygomatic arch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When examining the Norma occipitalis, what is the primary significance of the external occipital protuberance?

<p>It serves as a midpoint landmark for muscle and ligament attachment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hard palate (palatum durum) contribute to the overall structure of the skull, and from which norma is it best observed?

<p>Forms the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity; Norma basalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones primarily define the base of the anterior cranial fossa, and what is a key feature located within this fossa?

<p>Frontal and ethmoid bones; cribriform plate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure distinctly marks the anterior border of the middle cranial fossa, and which processes contribute to this border?

<p>The posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone and anterior clinoid processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa defined, particularly concerning its anterior border, and what bone mainly characterizes this boundary?

<p>Defined by the petrous part of the temporal bone and dorsum sellae, mainly characterized by the sphenoid and temporal bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the spatial relationship of the infratemporal fossa, and how is it positioned relative to the zygomatic arch and the mandible?

<p>Inferior and medial to the zygomatic arch, medial to the ramus of the mandible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major feature directly connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the infratemporal fossa, facilitating crucial neurovascular communications?

<p>Pterygomaxillary fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of bones form the borders of the orbit, and how does each contribute to the overall structure and protection of the eye?

<p>Frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic, palatine, and sphenoid bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the orbit directly connect with the middle cranial fossa, and what structures pass through these connections?

<p>Through the optic canal and superior orbital fissure; optic nerve and cranial nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key structural components constitute the nasal septum, and how efficiently do they divide the nasal cavity?

<p>Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and septal cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the inferior nasal concha from the superior and middle nasal conchae in terms of bony attachments and structural composition?

<p>It is an independent bone, unlike the superior and middle conchae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the precise anatomical positioning of the meatuses, and how do they relate to the structural arrangement of the nasal conchae?

<p>Located underneath each nasal concha (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of the fonticuli in a newborn's skull, and at what stages do they typically close postnatally?

<p>Enable cranial bone overlap during birth and facilitate postnatal brain growth; close at different times, the anterior being last. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical definition accurately describes the pterion, regarding its location and the convergence of specific cranial bones?

<p>Convergence of the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How anatomically significant is the glabella on the frontal bone, and how is it spatially related to other facial features?

<p>It is a depression between the eyebrows in the midline of the frontal bone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gnathion landmark, how is it characterized anatomically, and on which bone is it located?

<p>The lowest point on the anterior midline of the mandible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skull (Cranium)

The skull, also known as the cranium, is a bony structure that provides protection for the brain and supports the face.

Coronal Suture

The coronal suture is the joint between the frontal and the two parietal bones.

Sagittal Suture

The sagittal suture is the joint between the two parietal bones.

Lambdoid Suture

The lambdoid suture is the joint between the occipital and the two parietal bones.

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Piriform Aperture

Opening surrounded by the two maxillae and nasal bones, which open into the nasal cavities.

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Orbit (Orbital Fossa)

The fossa that contains the eye and related structures.

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Vertex

The uppermost point on the skull when viewed from the side.

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Occiput

The most posterior point on the skull when viewed from the side.

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Gonion

The tip of the angle of the mandible.

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Temporal Fossa

The shallow depression formed by the squamous part of the temporal bone and parietal bone

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External Occipital Protuberance

Most prominent elevation observed in the middle of the occipital bone.

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Lambdoid Suture

Suture between the two parietals and the occipital bone.

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Calvaria (Skull Cap)

Upper part of the neurocranium/skull.

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Base of the Cranial Cavity

Space inside the skull once the calvaria is removed.

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Anterior Cranial Fossa

The anterior cranial fossa is a depression within the skull. Its base is formed by the orbital part of the frontal bone (anteriorly) and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (middle).

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Middle Cranial Fossa

The middle cranial fossa is an area within the skull bordered by the posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones, and the anterior clinoid processes, and the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone.

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Posterior Cranial Fossa

Anterior border is the Dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone, and the superior margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone.

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Infratemporal Fossa

Located infero-medial to the zygomatic arch and medial to the ramus of the mandible.

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Pterygopalatine Fossa

Lies medial to the infratemporal fossa and connects to it through the pterygomaxillary fissure.

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Borders: Pterygopalatine Fossa

Pterygoid process of the sphenoid (posterior border). Posterior part of the maxilla (anterior border).

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Orbit

The orbit contains the eye bulb and related structures and is roughly pyramidal in shape.

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Nasal Septum Formation

The perpendicular plate of ethmoid (postero-superior), vomer (postero-inferior), and septal cartilage (anterior).

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Nasal Conchae

There are elevations called conchae on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Superior and middle nasal concha (part of the ethmoid bone), inferior nasal concha is a seperate bone.

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Nasal Meatus

Superior nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, Inferior nasal meatus

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Fonticulus

In the new born ossification is not fully completed where skull bones connect. Some of those can be palpated as soft structures.

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Anterior Fonticulus

Largest and closes the latest (6-24 months)

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Posterior Fonticulus

Closes about 1st-6th months

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Pterion

Junction of the os parietale, os frontale, os sphenoidale and os temporale.

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Bregma Definition

The term is the junction of the os frontale and both ossa parietale.

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Lambda

The term describes the junction of the os occipitale and both ossa parietale.

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Glabella

The term depicts the smooth part of the os frontale above the nasion.

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Nasion.

The term is point where the os frontale meets the ossa nasale.

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Study Notes

Skull

  • Also known as the cranium
  • Term used to describe head region

Skull Bone Identification

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Sphenoid
  • Nasal
  • Lacrimal
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Ethmoid
  • Vomer
  • Palatine

Perspectives

  • Five directions to view skull:
    • Vertical (norma superior, from above)
    • Frontal (norma facialis/frontalis, from front)
    • Lateral (norma lateralis, lateral view)
    • Posterior (norma occipitalis, from posterior)
    • Inferior (norma basalis/basis cranii externa, from below)

Norma Superior

  • Three joints observed:
    • Coronal suture: Between frontal and two parietal bones
    • Sagittal suture: Between the two parietals
    • Lambdoid suture: Between occipital and two parietals

Norma Frontalis

  • Piriform aperture: Opening surrounded by two maxillae and two nasal bones, opening into nasal cavities
  • Orbit (orbital fossa): Fossa containing the eye and related structures

Norma Lateralis

  • Vertex: Uppermost point
  • Occiput: Most posterior point
  • Gonion: Tip of the angle of the mandible

Temporal Fossa

  • Shallow depression formed by the squamous part of the temporal bone and parietal bone
  • Inferior border from zygomatic arch

Norma Occipitalis

  • External occipital protuberence: Most prominent elevation in the middle
  • Lambdoid suture: Suture between the two parietals and the occipital bone
  • Interparietal and sutural bones: Sometimes observed in some individual

Norma Basalis (Basis Cranii Externa)

  • Hard palate (palatum durum)
  • Median palatal suture
  • Transverse palatal suture
  • Incisive foramen
  • Jugular foramen
  • Foramen lacerum
  • Choana

Calvaria (Skull Cap)

  • Upper part of neurocranium
  • Parts of frontal, parietal, and occipital bones contribute to its structure
  • Base of the cranial cavity (basis cranii interna - cranial vault) can be observed if you remove calvaria

Basis Cranii Interna (Cranial Vault)

  • Three fossae:
    • Anterior cranial fossa
    • Middle cranial fossa
    • Posterior cranial fossa

Anterior Cranial Fossa

  • Base components:
    • Orbital part of the frontal bone (anteriorly)
    • Cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone (middle)
    • Lesser wings and the antero-superior part of the body of the sphenoid bone (posteriorly)
  • Posterior border features:
    • Posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones
    • Anterior clinoid processes

Middle Cranial Fossa

  • Anterior border features:
    • Posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones
    • Anterior clinoid processes
  • Posterior border features:
    • Dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone
    • Superior margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone

Posterior Cranial Fossa

  • Anterior border features:
    • Dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone
    • Superior margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone
  • Foramen magnum present in the middle

Infratemporal Fossa

  • Infero-medial to the zygomatic arch and medial to the ramus of the mandible

Borders

  • Lateral: Zygomatic arch and ramus of the mandible
  • Medial: Pterygomaxillary fissure and lateral lamina of the pterygoid process
  • Anterior: Maxillary tuberosity
  • Posterior: Mastoid and styloid processes of the temporal bone
  • Superior: Inferior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
  • Inferior: Attachment point of the medial pterygoid muscle on the mandible

Pterygopalatine Fossa

  • Lies medial to the infratemporal fossa
  • Connects to infratemporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure

Pterygopalatine Fossa Boundaries

  • Posterior border: Pterygoid process of the sphenoid
  • Anterior border: Posterior part of the maxilla
  • Roof: Greater wing of the sphenoid bone (partially covers)
  • Base: Pyramidal process of the palatine bone

Pterygopalatine Fossa Connections

  • Lateral: connects to infratemporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure
  • Medial: connects to nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen
  • Postero-superior'da: connects to the middle cranial fossa through foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal
  • Antero-superiorly: connects to orbit through the inferior orbital fissure

Orbit Facts

  • Contains the eye bulb and related structures
  • Roughly pyramidal in shape

Borders

  • Superior: Orbital part of the frontal bone, lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
  • Medial: Orbital plate of ethmoid bone, frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine, and sphenoid bones
  • Inferior: Maxilla, zygomatic and palatine bones
  • Lateral: Greater wing of sphenoid bone, orbital part of zygomatic bone, and frontal bone
  • Apex: Optic canal

Orbit Connections

  • Middle cranial fossa via superior orbital fissure and optic canal
  • Pterygopalatine fossa via inferior orbital fissure
  • Nasal cavity via anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina

Nasal Cavity

  • Separated by nasal septum on its right and left
  • Opens into the pharynx through choanas

Structures Forming Nasal Septum

  • Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (postero-superior)
  • Vomer (postero-inferior)
  • Septal cartilage (anterior)

Lateral Wall Elevations (Conchae)

  • Superior nasal concha (part of the ethmoid bone)
  • Middle nasal concha (part of the ethmoid bone)
  • Inferior nasal concha (separate)

Meatus Spaces

  • Located at the infero-lateral part of each concha
  • Superior nasal meatus
  • Middle nasal meatus
  • Inferior nasal meatus

Newborn Skull

  • Ossification is not fully completed where bones connect
  • Fonticulus: These incomplete bone sutures are palpable as "soft spots"

Types of Fonticulus

  • Anterior fonticulus: Largest, closes latest (6-24 months)
  • Posterior fonticulus: Closes early (1st-6th months)
  • Anterolateral/sphenoid fonticulus
  • Posterolateral/mastoid fonticulus

Closing Time for Fonticulus

  • The last two fonticulus closes shortly after birth

Cranial Anthropology Points

  • Pterion: The connecting place of Os parietale, os frontale, os sphenoidale and os temporale
  • Bregma: The place of joining os frontale and each os parietale
  • Lambda: The place of joining os occipitale and each os parietale
  • Glabella: Is the slope-like part between arcus superciliaris on facies anterior of os frontale
  • Nasion: Is plane defined by the point at which os frontale and os nasale come together
  • Gnathion: Is the lowest midpoint of the mandible.

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