Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term is also used to refer to the skull, particularly emphasizing its role as a protective covering for the brain?
Which term is also used to refer to the skull, particularly emphasizing its role as a protective covering for the brain?
- Mandible
- Cranium (correct)
- Vertebra
- Maxilla
When viewing the skull from a superior perspective, which suture is located between the frontal and parietal bones?
When viewing the skull from a superior perspective, which suture is located between the frontal and parietal bones?
- Coronal suture (correct)
- Lambdoid suture
- Squamosal suture
- Sagittal suture
Which of the following describes the piriform aperture relative to its surrounding structures?
Which of the following describes the piriform aperture relative to its surrounding structures?
- A foramen located within the occipital bone.
- An opening bordered by the maxilla and nasal bones. (correct)
- An opening within the sphenoid bone.
- An orbital space formed by the ethmoid and lacrimal bones.
What is the term for the uppermost point of the skull when viewed from the norma lateralis?
What is the term for the uppermost point of the skull when viewed from the norma lateralis?
The temporal fossa is formed by the joining of which two bones, also listing the arch that borders it inferiorly?
The temporal fossa is formed by the joining of which two bones, also listing the arch that borders it inferiorly?
What is the name of the most prominent elevation located in the middle of the external surface of the occipital bone?
What is the name of the most prominent elevation located in the middle of the external surface of the occipital bone?
Which of the following landmarks is NOT typically examined from the Norma basalis (basis cranii externa)?
Which of the following landmarks is NOT typically examined from the Norma basalis (basis cranii externa)?
Following the removal of the calvaria, what structure is observed from above?
Following the removal of the calvaria, what structure is observed from above?
Which bones primarily constitute the structure of the calvaria?
Which bones primarily constitute the structure of the calvaria?
Which of the following structures does NOT form the base of the anterior cranial fossa?
Which of the following structures does NOT form the base of the anterior cranial fossa?
The anterior border of the middle cranial fossa is formed by which structure?
The anterior border of the middle cranial fossa is formed by which structure?
Which of the following features defines the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Which of the following features defines the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Regarding its position relative to the zygomatic arch and the mandible, where is the infratemporal fossa located?
Regarding its position relative to the zygomatic arch and the mandible, where is the infratemporal fossa located?
Which of the following does NOT form a border of the infratemporal fossa?
Which of the following does NOT form a border of the infratemporal fossa?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of the pterygopalatine fossa?
What bony structure forms the base (inferior border) of the pterygopalatine fossa?
What bony structure forms the base (inferior border) of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through which structure does the pterygopalatine fossa connect to the infratemporal fossa?
Through which structure does the pterygopalatine fossa connect to the infratemporal fossa?
Which of the following is NOT a connection of the pterygopalatine fossa with surrounding fossae or regions?
Which of the following is NOT a connection of the pterygopalatine fossa with surrounding fossae or regions?
What is the overall approximate shape of the orbit?
What is the overall approximate shape of the orbit?
The lateral wall of the orbit is formed by which bones?
The lateral wall of the orbit is formed by which bones?
The orbit connects to the middle cranial fossa through which openings?
The orbit connects to the middle cranial fossa through which openings?
What structural component separates the right and left nasal cavities?
What structural component separates the right and left nasal cavities?
What is the opening of each nasal cavity into the pharynx called?
What is the opening of each nasal cavity into the pharynx called?
Which of the following is NOT a structural component forming the nasal septum?
Which of the following is NOT a structural component forming the nasal septum?
What are the plate-like structures called that are located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
What are the plate-like structures called that are located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Which nasal concha is an independent bone rather than part of the ethmoid bone?
Which nasal concha is an independent bone rather than part of the ethmoid bone?
What are the spaces located underneath each nasal concha called?
What are the spaces located underneath each nasal concha called?
What term describes the soft, membranous gaps between cranial bones in newborns?
What term describes the soft, membranous gaps between cranial bones in newborns?
Which fonticulus is typically the largest and closes latest in newborns?
Which fonticulus is typically the largest and closes latest in newborns?
Approximately when does the posterior fonticulus typically close in infants?
Approximately when does the posterior fonticulus typically close in infants?
What is the anthropological landmark on the skull where the os parietale, os frontale, os sphenoidale, and os temporale converge?
What is the anthropological landmark on the skull where the os parietale, os frontale, os sphenoidale, and os temporale converge?
Which of the following accurately defines the location of the Bregma point on the skull?
Which of the following accurately defines the location of the Bregma point on the skull?
The most prominent point on the external occipital protuberance is called:
The most prominent point on the external occipital protuberance is called:
Where is the glabella located on the front of the skull?
Where is the glabella located on the front of the skull?
Which defined anatomical location exists at the intersection of the frontal and nasal bones?
Which defined anatomical location exists at the intersection of the frontal and nasal bones?
What is the anatomical term used to describe the point located at the lower tip of the anterior midline of the mandible?
What is the anatomical term used to describe the point located at the lower tip of the anterior midline of the mandible?
From which norma is the hard palate (palatum durum) best examined?
From which norma is the hard palate (palatum durum) best examined?
Which structure marks the anterior border of the middle cranial fossa?
Which structure marks the anterior border of the middle cranial fossa?
Which of the following bony landmarks can be observed in the posterior cranial fossa?
Which of the following bony landmarks can be observed in the posterior cranial fossa?
What is the key connection between the pterygopalatine fossa and the nasal cavity?
What is the key connection between the pterygopalatine fossa and the nasal cavity?
Which structure forms the 'roof' of the orbit?
Which structure forms the 'roof' of the orbit?
Which of the following best describes the location of the infratemporal fossa relative to the zygomatic arch?
Which of the following best describes the location of the infratemporal fossa relative to the zygomatic arch?
Which bones contribute to the formation of the nasal septum?
Which bones contribute to the formation of the nasal septum?
Which best describes the anatomical relationship between the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which best describes the anatomical relationship between the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which of the following foramina directly connects the orbit to the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which of the following foramina directly connects the orbit to the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which of the following bones contributes to the anterior border of the anterior cranial fossa??
Which of the following bones contributes to the anterior border of the anterior cranial fossa??
Which fontanelle is typically the last to close in an infant, often remaining open until well into the second year of life?
Which fontanelle is typically the last to close in an infant, often remaining open until well into the second year of life?
When viewing the skull from above (norma superior), which suture is observed between the occipital and parietal bones?
When viewing the skull from above (norma superior), which suture is observed between the occipital and parietal bones?
What specific bones articulate at the pterion?
What specific bones articulate at the pterion?
Which statement accurately describes the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?
Which statement accurately describes the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?
What is the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
What is the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
From which perspective is the vertex of the skull best observed?
From which perspective is the vertex of the skull best observed?
Which of the following structures lies within the anterior cranial fossa?
Which of the following structures lies within the anterior cranial fossa?
What is the primary shape of the orbit?
What is the primary shape of the orbit?
Which statement accurately describes the formation of the temporal fossa?
Which statement accurately describes the formation of the temporal fossa?
In newborns, unfused cranial bones are connected by membranous intervals. What term describes these areas?
In newborns, unfused cranial bones are connected by membranous intervals. What term describes these areas?
Which of the following best describes the function of the cranium?
Which of the following best describes the function of the cranium?
When the skull is viewed from the norma frontalis, which opening is most prominent?
When the skull is viewed from the norma frontalis, which opening is most prominent?
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the nasal septum?
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the nasal septum?
From which direction is the occiput best observed?
From which direction is the occiput best observed?
Which fossa directly contains the eye and its related structures?
Which fossa directly contains the eye and its related structures?
Which opening provides a key connection between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa?
Which opening provides a key connection between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa?
What are the plate-like structures on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity called?
What are the plate-like structures on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity called?
Which of the following is a key structure observed from the norma basalis (basis cranii externa)?
Which of the following is a key structure observed from the norma basalis (basis cranii externa)?
Which bone does NOT contribute to the medial wall of the orbit?
Which bone does NOT contribute to the medial wall of the orbit?
What anatomical term is used to describe the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx?
What anatomical term is used to describe the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx?
What bone does the inferior nasal concha attach to?
What bone does the inferior nasal concha attach to?
Where are the meatuses located in relation to the nasal conchae?
Where are the meatuses located in relation to the nasal conchae?
Which of the following sutures is located between the two parietal bones?
Which of the following sutures is located between the two parietal bones?
Which of the following structures is typically examined when focusing on the Norma occipitalis?
Which of the following structures is typically examined when focusing on the Norma occipitalis?
Which statement describes an aspect of the anterior fonticulus?
Which statement describes an aspect of the anterior fonticulus?
In the context of the nasal cavity, what is the significance of the nasal conchae?
In the context of the nasal cavity, what is the significance of the nasal conchae?
From which view (norma) of the skull is the sagittal suture typically observed?
From which view (norma) of the skull is the sagittal suture typically observed?
From which norma of the skull can you observe the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures collectively?
From which norma of the skull can you observe the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures collectively?
What is the functional significance of the piriform aperture, as observed in the Norma frontalis?
What is the functional significance of the piriform aperture, as observed in the Norma frontalis?
How would you describe the spatial relationship between the vertex and the occiput when viewing the skull from the Norma lateralis?
How would you describe the spatial relationship between the vertex and the occiput when viewing the skull from the Norma lateralis?
What bony structures converge to form the temporal fossa, and what arch bounds this fossa inferiorly?
What bony structures converge to form the temporal fossa, and what arch bounds this fossa inferiorly?
When examining the Norma occipitalis, what is the primary significance of the external occipital protuberance?
When examining the Norma occipitalis, what is the primary significance of the external occipital protuberance?
How does the hard palate (palatum durum) contribute to the overall structure of the skull, and from which norma is it best observed?
How does the hard palate (palatum durum) contribute to the overall structure of the skull, and from which norma is it best observed?
Which bones primarily define the base of the anterior cranial fossa, and what is a key feature located within this fossa?
Which bones primarily define the base of the anterior cranial fossa, and what is a key feature located within this fossa?
What structure distinctly marks the anterior border of the middle cranial fossa, and which processes contribute to this border?
What structure distinctly marks the anterior border of the middle cranial fossa, and which processes contribute to this border?
How are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa defined, particularly concerning its anterior border, and what bone mainly characterizes this boundary?
How are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa defined, particularly concerning its anterior border, and what bone mainly characterizes this boundary?
What is the spatial relationship of the infratemporal fossa, and how is it positioned relative to the zygomatic arch and the mandible?
What is the spatial relationship of the infratemporal fossa, and how is it positioned relative to the zygomatic arch and the mandible?
Which major feature directly connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the infratemporal fossa, facilitating crucial neurovascular communications?
Which major feature directly connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the infratemporal fossa, facilitating crucial neurovascular communications?
What combination of bones form the borders of the orbit, and how does each contribute to the overall structure and protection of the eye?
What combination of bones form the borders of the orbit, and how does each contribute to the overall structure and protection of the eye?
How does the orbit directly connect with the middle cranial fossa, and what structures pass through these connections?
How does the orbit directly connect with the middle cranial fossa, and what structures pass through these connections?
What key structural components constitute the nasal septum, and how efficiently do they divide the nasal cavity?
What key structural components constitute the nasal septum, and how efficiently do they divide the nasal cavity?
What distinguishes the inferior nasal concha from the superior and middle nasal conchae in terms of bony attachments and structural composition?
What distinguishes the inferior nasal concha from the superior and middle nasal conchae in terms of bony attachments and structural composition?
What is the precise anatomical positioning of the meatuses, and how do they relate to the structural arrangement of the nasal conchae?
What is the precise anatomical positioning of the meatuses, and how do they relate to the structural arrangement of the nasal conchae?
What is the clinical significance of the fonticuli in a newborn's skull, and at what stages do they typically close postnatally?
What is the clinical significance of the fonticuli in a newborn's skull, and at what stages do they typically close postnatally?
Which anatomical definition accurately describes the pterion, regarding its location and the convergence of specific cranial bones?
Which anatomical definition accurately describes the pterion, regarding its location and the convergence of specific cranial bones?
How anatomically significant is the glabella on the frontal bone, and how is it spatially related to other facial features?
How anatomically significant is the glabella on the frontal bone, and how is it spatially related to other facial features?
What is the gnathion landmark, how is it characterized anatomically, and on which bone is it located?
What is the gnathion landmark, how is it characterized anatomically, and on which bone is it located?
Flashcards
Skull (Cranium)
Skull (Cranium)
The skull, also known as the cranium, is a bony structure that provides protection for the brain and supports the face.
Coronal Suture
Coronal Suture
The coronal suture is the joint between the frontal and the two parietal bones.
Sagittal Suture
Sagittal Suture
The sagittal suture is the joint between the two parietal bones.
Lambdoid Suture
Lambdoid Suture
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Piriform Aperture
Piriform Aperture
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Orbit (Orbital Fossa)
Orbit (Orbital Fossa)
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Vertex
Vertex
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Occiput
Occiput
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Gonion
Gonion
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Temporal Fossa
Temporal Fossa
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External Occipital Protuberance
External Occipital Protuberance
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Lambdoid Suture
Lambdoid Suture
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Calvaria (Skull Cap)
Calvaria (Skull Cap)
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Base of the Cranial Cavity
Base of the Cranial Cavity
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Anterior Cranial Fossa
Anterior Cranial Fossa
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Middle Cranial Fossa
Middle Cranial Fossa
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Posterior Cranial Fossa
Posterior Cranial Fossa
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Infratemporal Fossa
Infratemporal Fossa
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Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygopalatine Fossa
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Borders: Pterygopalatine Fossa
Borders: Pterygopalatine Fossa
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Orbit
Orbit
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Nasal Septum Formation
Nasal Septum Formation
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Nasal Conchae
Nasal Conchae
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Nasal Meatus
Nasal Meatus
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Fonticulus
Fonticulus
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Anterior Fonticulus
Anterior Fonticulus
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Posterior Fonticulus
Posterior Fonticulus
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Pterion
Pterion
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Bregma Definition
Bregma Definition
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Lambda
Lambda
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Glabella
Glabella
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Nasion.
Nasion.
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Study Notes
Skull
- Also known as the cranium
- Term used to describe head region
Skull Bone Identification
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Sphenoid
- Nasal
- Lacrimal
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Ethmoid
- Vomer
- Palatine
Perspectives
- Five directions to view skull:
- Vertical (norma superior, from above)
- Frontal (norma facialis/frontalis, from front)
- Lateral (norma lateralis, lateral view)
- Posterior (norma occipitalis, from posterior)
- Inferior (norma basalis/basis cranii externa, from below)
Norma Superior
- Three joints observed:
- Coronal suture: Between frontal and two parietal bones
- Sagittal suture: Between the two parietals
- Lambdoid suture: Between occipital and two parietals
Norma Frontalis
- Piriform aperture: Opening surrounded by two maxillae and two nasal bones, opening into nasal cavities
- Orbit (orbital fossa): Fossa containing the eye and related structures
Norma Lateralis
- Vertex: Uppermost point
- Occiput: Most posterior point
- Gonion: Tip of the angle of the mandible
Temporal Fossa
- Shallow depression formed by the squamous part of the temporal bone and parietal bone
- Inferior border from zygomatic arch
Norma Occipitalis
- External occipital protuberence: Most prominent elevation in the middle
- Lambdoid suture: Suture between the two parietals and the occipital bone
- Interparietal and sutural bones: Sometimes observed in some individual
Norma Basalis (Basis Cranii Externa)
- Hard palate (palatum durum)
- Median palatal suture
- Transverse palatal suture
- Incisive foramen
- Jugular foramen
- Foramen lacerum
- Choana
Calvaria (Skull Cap)
- Upper part of neurocranium
- Parts of frontal, parietal, and occipital bones contribute to its structure
- Base of the cranial cavity (basis cranii interna - cranial vault) can be observed if you remove calvaria
Basis Cranii Interna (Cranial Vault)
- Three fossae:
- Anterior cranial fossa
- Middle cranial fossa
- Posterior cranial fossa
Anterior Cranial Fossa
- Base components:
- Orbital part of the frontal bone (anteriorly)
- Cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone (middle)
- Lesser wings and the antero-superior part of the body of the sphenoid bone (posteriorly)
- Posterior border features:
- Posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones
- Anterior clinoid processes
Middle Cranial Fossa
- Anterior border features:
- Posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones
- Anterior clinoid processes
- Posterior border features:
- Dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone
- Superior margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone
Posterior Cranial Fossa
- Anterior border features:
- Dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone
- Superior margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone
- Foramen magnum present in the middle
Infratemporal Fossa
- Infero-medial to the zygomatic arch and medial to the ramus of the mandible
Borders
- Lateral: Zygomatic arch and ramus of the mandible
- Medial: Pterygomaxillary fissure and lateral lamina of the pterygoid process
- Anterior: Maxillary tuberosity
- Posterior: Mastoid and styloid processes of the temporal bone
- Superior: Inferior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
- Inferior: Attachment point of the medial pterygoid muscle on the mandible
Pterygopalatine Fossa
- Lies medial to the infratemporal fossa
- Connects to infratemporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure
Pterygopalatine Fossa Boundaries
- Posterior border: Pterygoid process of the sphenoid
- Anterior border: Posterior part of the maxilla
- Roof: Greater wing of the sphenoid bone (partially covers)
- Base: Pyramidal process of the palatine bone
Pterygopalatine Fossa Connections
- Lateral: connects to infratemporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure
- Medial: connects to nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen
- Postero-superior'da: connects to the middle cranial fossa through foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal
- Antero-superiorly: connects to orbit through the inferior orbital fissure
Orbit Facts
- Contains the eye bulb and related structures
- Roughly pyramidal in shape
Borders
- Superior: Orbital part of the frontal bone, lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
- Medial: Orbital plate of ethmoid bone, frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine, and sphenoid bones
- Inferior: Maxilla, zygomatic and palatine bones
- Lateral: Greater wing of sphenoid bone, orbital part of zygomatic bone, and frontal bone
- Apex: Optic canal
Orbit Connections
- Middle cranial fossa via superior orbital fissure and optic canal
- Pterygopalatine fossa via inferior orbital fissure
- Nasal cavity via anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina
Nasal Cavity
- Separated by nasal septum on its right and left
- Opens into the pharynx through choanas
Structures Forming Nasal Septum
- Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (postero-superior)
- Vomer (postero-inferior)
- Septal cartilage (anterior)
Lateral Wall Elevations (Conchae)
- Superior nasal concha (part of the ethmoid bone)
- Middle nasal concha (part of the ethmoid bone)
- Inferior nasal concha (separate)
Meatus Spaces
- Located at the infero-lateral part of each concha
- Superior nasal meatus
- Middle nasal meatus
- Inferior nasal meatus
Newborn Skull
- Ossification is not fully completed where bones connect
- Fonticulus: These incomplete bone sutures are palpable as "soft spots"
Types of Fonticulus
- Anterior fonticulus: Largest, closes latest (6-24 months)
- Posterior fonticulus: Closes early (1st-6th months)
- Anterolateral/sphenoid fonticulus
- Posterolateral/mastoid fonticulus
Closing Time for Fonticulus
- The last two fonticulus closes shortly after birth
Cranial Anthropology Points
- Pterion: The connecting place of Os parietale, os frontale, os sphenoidale and os temporale
- Bregma: The place of joining os frontale and each os parietale
- Lambda: The place of joining os occipitale and each os parietale
- Glabella: Is the slope-like part between arcus superciliaris on facies anterior of os frontale
- Nasion: Is plane defined by the point at which os frontale and os nasale come together
- Gnathion: Is the lowest midpoint of the mandible.
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