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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a sensation detected by free nerve endings?
Which of the following is NOT a sensation detected by free nerve endings?
Why is knowledge of tension lines important for plastic surgeons?
Why is knowledge of tension lines important for plastic surgeons?
In which region of the skin are blood vessels, nerves, and glands found in between collagen fibers?
In which region of the skin are blood vessels, nerves, and glands found in between collagen fibers?
What is the primary function of epidermal ridges in the skin?
What is the primary function of epidermal ridges in the skin?
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What determines the differences in skin color among individuals?
What determines the differences in skin color among individuals?
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When are epidermal ridges produced during fetal development?
When are epidermal ridges produced during fetal development?
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What is the function of arrector pili muscle?
What is the function of arrector pili muscle?
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Which layer forms the major part of the hair shaft?
Which layer forms the major part of the hair shaft?
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What is the purpose of sebaceous glands in relation to hair?
What is the purpose of sebaceous glands in relation to hair?
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How does chemotherapy affect hair growth?
How does chemotherapy affect hair growth?
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What happens during the regression phase of hair growth?
What happens during the regression phase of hair growth?
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What is the outermost layer of a hair strand made of?
What is the outermost layer of a hair strand made of?
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What is the main characteristic of light freckles (ephelides)?
What is the main characteristic of light freckles (ephelides)?
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What is the key feature of jaundice?
What is the key feature of jaundice?
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What causes vitiligo?
What causes vitiligo?
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Which condition results from the inability to produce melanin?
Which condition results from the inability to produce melanin?
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What is the cause of age spots (liver spots)?
What is the cause of age spots (liver spots)?
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Where are tattoos injected to make them permanent?
Where are tattoos injected to make them permanent?
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Which type of glands are found in the external ear?
Which type of glands are found in the external ear?
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What is the function of Ceruminous glands in the ear?
What is the function of Ceruminous glands in the ear?
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Which region of the body is characterized by a pigmented area around the nipples?
Which region of the body is characterized by a pigmented area around the nipples?
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What triggers the activity of apocrine glands during puberty?
What triggers the activity of apocrine glands during puberty?
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What is one of the functions of nails?
What is one of the functions of nails?
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How can overproduction of cerumen in the ear be treated?
How can overproduction of cerumen in the ear be treated?
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What is the function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
What is the function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
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Which component of the skin shields the body from harmful UV rays?
Which component of the skin shields the body from harmful UV rays?
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Which layer of the skin alerts the immune system and helps in defending against pathogens?
Which layer of the skin alerts the immune system and helps in defending against pathogens?
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What is the role of dermal macrophages in the skin?
What is the role of dermal macrophages in the skin?
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Which function of the skin involves controlling blood flow to the dermis and producing sweat at the surface?
Which function of the skin involves controlling blood flow to the dermis and producing sweat at the surface?
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What is the main function of the epidermis in the integumentary system?
What is the main function of the epidermis in the integumentary system?
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What is the primary role of the nail matrix in nail growth?
What is the primary role of the nail matrix in nail growth?
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What effect does aging have on the number of fibroblasts in the skin?
What effect does aging have on the number of fibroblasts in the skin?
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Which of the following is a consequence of reduced immune response due to decreased intraepidermal macrophages?
Which of the following is a consequence of reduced immune response due to decreased intraepidermal macrophages?
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What is the purpose of dermal fillers in anti-aging treatments?
What is the purpose of dermal fillers in anti-aging treatments?
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How does microdermabrasion work as an anti-aging treatment?
How does microdermabrasion work as an anti-aging treatment?
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What effect does decreased size of sebaceous glands have on the skin?
What effect does decreased size of sebaceous glands have on the skin?
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How do chemical peels contribute to anti-aging treatments?
How do chemical peels contribute to anti-aging treatments?
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What is the function of botox in anti-aging treatments?
What is the function of botox in anti-aging treatments?
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What is the main characteristic of dark freckles (letigines)?
What is the main characteristic of dark freckles (letigines)?
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Which condition is characterized by irregular white spots due to complete loss of melanocytes?
Which condition is characterized by irregular white spots due to complete loss of melanocytes?
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What skin condition results from an inherited inability to produce melanin?
What skin condition results from an inherited inability to produce melanin?
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Where in the skin are tattoos injected to make them permanent?
Where in the skin are tattoos injected to make them permanent?
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Which layer of the skin stores carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A?
Which layer of the skin stores carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A?
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What causes skin to appear blue (cyanosis) in certain areas?
What causes skin to appear blue (cyanosis) in certain areas?
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Which skin condition is characterized by an increased amount of melanin in the epidermis?
Which skin condition is characterized by an increased amount of melanin in the epidermis?
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What skin condition is associated with liver disease or lack of liver development?
What skin condition is associated with liver disease or lack of liver development?
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What is the main function of arrector pili muscles in the integumentary system?
What is the main function of arrector pili muscles in the integumentary system?
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Which layer of a hair strand forms the major part of the shaft?
Which layer of a hair strand forms the major part of the shaft?
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What triggers the initiation of nerve impulses in the hair root plexus?
What triggers the initiation of nerve impulses in the hair root plexus?
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During which phase of hair growth do hair follicles shrink and stop dividing?
During which phase of hair growth do hair follicles shrink and stop dividing?
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What is the main function of sebaceous glands in relation to hair?
What is the main function of sebaceous glands in relation to hair?
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How is hair affected by chemotherapy?
How is hair affected by chemotherapy?
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What is the primary role of skin glands in the integumentary system?
What is the primary role of skin glands in the integumentary system?
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What is the visible part of a hair strand primarily composed of?
What is the visible part of a hair strand primarily composed of?
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Which cells are responsible for producing the pigment melanin that gives color to the skin?
Which cells are responsible for producing the pigment melanin that gives color to the skin?
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What is the function of calcitriol, the active hormone produced in the liver and kidney?
What is the function of calcitriol, the active hormone produced in the liver and kidney?
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Which layer of the epidermis forms new cells and contains stem cells to produce new keratinocytes?
Which layer of the epidermis forms new cells and contains stem cells to produce new keratinocytes?
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What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
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Which cells are involved in the immune response and come from red bone marrow?
Which cells are involved in the immune response and come from red bone marrow?
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Which structure binds the stratum basale cells together in the epidermis?
Which structure binds the stratum basale cells together in the epidermis?
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What is the primary function of tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells in the epidermis?
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Which layer of the epidermis contains tough protein keratin formed from keratinocytes?
Which layer of the epidermis contains tough protein keratin formed from keratinocytes?
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What is the main function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
What is the main function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
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Which type of sweat glands are located in areas such as the forehead, palms, and soles of the feet?
Which type of sweat glands are located in areas such as the forehead, palms, and soles of the feet?
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Which gland directly secretes onto the surface of the skin in areas like lips, glans penis, and labia minora?
Which gland directly secretes onto the surface of the skin in areas like lips, glans penis, and labia minora?
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Which component is NOT typically found in the secretion produced by eccrine/merocrine sweat glands?
Which component is NOT typically found in the secretion produced by eccrine/merocrine sweat glands?
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During puberty, what happens to the sebaceous glands?
During puberty, what happens to the sebaceous glands?
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Which type of gland releases secretions by exocytosis onto the skin through pores?
Which type of gland releases secretions by exocytosis onto the skin through pores?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Largest organ of the body, covering approximately 2 m²
- Composed of epidermis (epithelial tissue), dermis (connective tissue), and subcutaneous layer (sub Q or hypodermis)
- Functions: thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, excretion, and absorption
Epidermis
- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Composed of 4 cell types: keratinocytes (90%), melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhan's cells), and tactile epithelial cells
- 5 layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
Skin Color
- Determined by amount of melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene
- Melanin: produced by melanocytes, pale yellow to reddish brown to black
- Freckles: areas of accumulation of melanin, light (ephelidiz) or dark (letigines)
- Vitiligo: irregular white spots in patches where complete loss of melanocytes occur
Hair
- Shape: round straight hair, oval wavy hair, kidney-shaped curly hair
- Hair root: 3 concentric layers that can penetrate the dermis and sometime sub-Q
- Hair follicle: surrounds root, 2 layered sheath, and arrector pili smooth muscle
- Sebaceous glands: surround hair to keep it oiled, preventing brittle, cracking hair
Hair Growth
- Normally lose 70-100 hairs/day
- Visible hair is dead: fully keratinized
- 3 phases of growth: growth phase (85% of the time, 2-6 years), regression phase (hair matrix stops dividing), and resting phase (15% of the time, 3 months)
Skin Glands
- Exocrine glands of the skin
- Sebaceous glands: simple branched acinar glands, connected to hair follicles, secreting sebum
- Sudoriferous glands: release secretions by exocytosis, empty secretions onto skin through pores or into hair follicles
- Eccrine/Merocrine sweat glands: most of the body, simple coiled tubular, fxn by exocytosis of secretory vesicles
- Apocrine sweat glands: larger ducts, simple coiled tubular, stimulated during stress and sex, not for thermoregulation
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Description
Test your knowledge on skin pigmentation, including freckles, age spots, moles, albinism, and vitiligo. Learn about the causes, characteristics, and differences between these various skin conditions.
