Skin Damage and Cancer Overview
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of all skin cancers do melanomas comprise?

  • 10%
  • 1% (correct)
  • 5%
  • 15%

    • Nonmelanoma skin cancers are less common than melanoma skin cancers.

    True

    What are the two most common types of nonmelanoma skin cancers?

    Basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer

    Melanomas account for the largest number of skin cancer–related ______.

    <p>deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following skin cancer types with their descriptions:

    <p>Melanoma = Comprises 1% of skin cancers and has the highest mortality Basal cell cancer = Most common nonmelanoma skin cancer Squamous cell cancer = Second most common nonmelanoma skin cancer UV radiation = A primary cause of skin damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding malignant melanomas?

    <p>They can develop wherever there is pigment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Younger patients and women generally have a worse prognosis for malignant melanoma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanin produced by melanocytes?

    <p>To provide skin color and protect against ultraviolet rays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant melanomas initially develop within the ______ over a long period.

    <p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the features of malignant melanoma with their characteristics:

    <p>Asymmetry = Does not have identical halves Diameter greater than 6 mm = Often larger than a pencil eraser Satellite lesions = Smaller nodules around the tumor Malignant melanoma in situ = Flat lesions confined to the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appearance do malignant melanomas develop once they penetrate the dermis?

    <p>Raised or nodular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant melanoma in situ is flat and relatively benign.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are small nodules around the periphery of malignant melanomas called?

    <p>satellite lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant melanomas are known to be more than ______ mm in diameter.

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their description regarding malignant melanomas:

    <p>Diameter = More than 6 mm Initial Development = Within the epidermis Lesion Type = Flat and benign when in situ Appearance after Dermis Penetration = Raised or nodular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with the prognosis of malignant melanoma?

    <p>Patient's dental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Younger patients and women have a better prognosis for malignant melanoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are primary factors that affect the survival rate of malignant melanoma?

    <p>Tumor thickness, ulceration, metastasis, site, patient's age and sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tumors on the ______ and ______ have a poorer prognosis.

    <p>hands, feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following variables with their influence on malignant melanoma prognosis:

    <p>Tumor thickness = Decreases chance of survival Location = Affects visibility and diagnosis Age = Younger patients have better survival rates Sex = Women generally have better survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of congenital nevi?

    <p>They can cover an entire body area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congenital nevi are not detectable until several years after birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What colors can congenital nevi range from?

    <p>brown to black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congenital nevi are often slightly raised, with an irregular surface and a fairly regular ______.

    <p>border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features of congenital nevi with their descriptions:

    <p>Size = Can be small or large enough to cover an area Presence = Present at birth Color = Range from brown to black Surface = Slightly raised with irregularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT associated with classic dysplastic nevi?

    <p>Symmetrical shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysplastic nevi are always present at birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one physical characteristic of dysplastic nevi.

    <p>Irregular border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysplastic nevi are also known as __________.

    <p>atypical moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of dysplastic nevi with their descriptions:

    <p>Fried egg appearance = Area of lighter pigmentation surrounded by deeper pigmentation Diameter larger than 6 mm = One of the characteristics of malignant melanoma Familial tendency = Increases risk for malignant melanoma Irregular pigmentation = Mixes of tan, brown, black, red, and pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key characteristic is commonly associated with classic dysplastic nevi?

    <p>More than 100 nevi present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysplastic nevi can develop at any time in a person's life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance described as a 'fried egg appearance' in dysplastic nevi?

    <p>An area of lighter pigmentation surrounded by a papular area of deeper pigmentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysplastic nevi most commonly appear on the _____ and _____ of the body.

    <p>face, trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of dysplastic nevi with their descriptions:

    <p>Asymmetry = One half does not match the other half Irregular border = Edges that are uneven or jagged Color variegation = Different colors within the mole Diameter greater than 6 mm = Size larger than a pencil eraser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for lentigo maligna?

    <p>Hutchinson freckle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lentigo maligna is typically found only on the hands of older adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common colors associated with lentigo maligna?

    <p>Tan or brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lentigo maligna often becomes __________, dark, thick, and nodular as it grows.

    <p>mottled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of lentigo maligna with their descriptions:

    <p>Grows slowly = May take several years to evolve into more severe forms Appearance = Tan or brown patch that resembles a freckle Location = Usually seen on the neck or face of older adults Sun exposure = Commonly seen in individuals with significant sun exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of melanoma?

    <p>Superficial-spreading melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Superficial-spreading melanoma occurs more frequently in men than in women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what median age do superficial-spreading melanomas typically occur?

    <p>50s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lesions of superficial-spreading melanoma often arise from a preexisting ______.

    <p>nevus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features of superficial-spreading melanoma with their descriptions:

    <p>Radial growth phase = Grows slowly over months to years Vertical growth phase = Grows rapidly after initial phase Lesion colors = Can include tan, brown, black, red, white, and/or blue Borders = Become irregular as the disease progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skin Damage and Cancer

    • The skin, a protective barrier, is susceptible to UV radiation and chemical damage.
    • Long-term damage from environmental factors can alter cellular structure and function, leading to skin cancers.
    • Malignant skin tumors (melanomas), while only 1% of all skin cancers, are responsible for most skin cancer-related deaths.
    • Basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer are the most common types of nonmelanoma skin cancers.

    Malignant Melanoma

    • Malignant melanomas arise from melanocytes, cells located at or near the basal layer of the epidermis.
    • Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color.
    • Melanin protects against ultraviolet (UV) rays.
    • Malignant melanomas can develop anywhere with pigment.
    • About one-third of malignant melanomas originate in existing nevi (moles).
    • Most malignant melanomas are over 6 mm in diameter and asymmetric.
    • Malignant melanoma in situ is confined to the epidermis, is flat, and relatively benign.
    • Once the lesions penetrate the dermis, they can metastasize.
    • Tumors at this stage become raised or nodular, often with smaller satellite lesions around the periphery.
    • Prognosis for survival is determined by factors like tumor thickness, ulceration, metastasis, site, age, and sex.
    • Younger patients and women have a slightly better prognosis.
    • Tumors on hands, feet, and scalp have a poorer prognosis.
    • Tumors on feet and scalp are less visible and may not be diagnosed until they invade the dermis.

    Malignant Melanoma Features

    • Almost all malignant melanomas are larger than 6 mm
    • Malignant melanomas are asymmetric
    • They develop within the epidermis over time
    • Malignant melanoma in situ are flat and grow slowly
    • When they penetrate the dermis, they can metastasize through blood and lymph vessels
    • At this stage, melanoma develops a raised or nodular appearance
    • Satellite lesions appear around the periphery of the melanoma

    Prognosis of Malignant Melanoma

    • Prognosis is impacted by various factors, including tumor thickness, ulceration, metastasis, site, and patient demographics.
    • Younger patients and females tend to have a better survival rate.
    • Tumors located on hands, feet, and scalp have a poorer prognosis.
    • Foot and scalp tumors often present challenges in early detection due to their less visible nature, leading to deeper invasion of the dermis.

    Congenital Nevi

    • Present at birth
    • Can vary in size: some small, others cover whole body areas
    • Color ranges from brown to black
    • Often slightly raised
    • Irregular surface and fairly regular border

    Dysplastic Nevi

    • Dysplastic nevi are also known as atypical moles.
    • They appear as normal nevi during childhood, but become dysplastic after puberty.
    • A patient with classic dysplastic nevi has more than 100 nevi.
    • At least one of their nevi is larger than 8 mm in diameter.
    • At least one of their nevi exhibits characteristics of malignant melanoma: asymmetry, irregular border, colour variegation, and diameter exceeding 6 mm.
    • Familial tendency to have dysplastic nevi increases the risk of malignant melanoma.
    • It is unclear whether people with dysplastic nevi and no family history of melanoma face a higher risk for melanoma.
    • Dysplastic nevi appear most often on the face, trunk, and arms.
    • They can also be found on the scalp, female breast, groin, and buttocks.
    • Pigmentation of the nevi is irregular, with a mixture of tan, brown, black, red, and pink.
    • Some nevi have a "fried egg appearance" with a lighter center surrounded by a papular area of darker pigmentation.
    • The borders of dysplastic nevi are irregular.

    Dysplastic Nevi

    • Dysplastic nevi are also known as atypical moles.
    • They are not present at birth, but appear as normal nevi during childhood and become dysplastic after puberty.
    • Patients with classic dysplastic nevi have over 100 nevi, with at least one larger than 8 mm in diameter.
    • At least one nevi will possess melanoma characteristics: asymmetry, irregular border, color variegation, and a diameter greater than 6 mm.
    • Familial tendency increases melanoma risk.
    • Further research needed to determine if people with dysplastic nevi and no family history of melanoma also face a higher risk.
    • Common locations include face, trunk, arms, scalp, breasts, groin, and buttocks.
    • Irregular pigmentation with tan, brown, black, red, and pink colors.
    • "Fried egg appearance" describes lighter pigmentation surrounded by a darker, papular area.
    • Nevi borders are irregular.

    Lentigo Maligna

    • Lentigo maligna is also known as Hutchinson freckle.
    • It is a type of skin cancer that appears as a tan or brown patch.
    • The patch may resemble a freckle or age spot.
    • It generally grows slowly over time.
    • As the disease progresses, the patch becomes mottled, darker, thicker, and nodular.
    • Lentigo maligna is commonly seen on the neck or face of older adults.
    • This type of skin cancer develops due to prolonged sun exposure.

    Superficial-Spreading Melanoma

    • Most prevalent type of melanoma, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases
    • Commonly found on any part of the body, with a higher incidence on the head, neck, and trunk in men, and legs in women
    • Typically flat and can arise from a pre-existing nevus (mole)
    • Characterized by a prolonged radial growth phase lasting months to years
    • Enters a vertical growth phase with rapid growth, irregular borders, and a color that changes to a mixture of tan, brown, black, red, white, and/or blue
    • More frequent in women compared to men
    • Median age of occurrence is in the 50s

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    Description

    Explore the impact of UV radiation and chemical exposure on skin health. This quiz covers the types of skin damage, including malignant tumors like melanoma, and the most common nonmelanoma skin cancers. Test your understanding of how environmental factors affect cellular structure and function, leading to skin cancer.

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