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Questions and Answers
A patient presents with non-blanchable erythema of intact skin. Which stage of pressure injury does this indicate?
A patient presents with non-blanchable erythema of intact skin. Which stage of pressure injury does this indicate?
- Stage 3
- Stage 2
- Deep Tissue Injury (correct)
- Stage 1
A stage 2 pressure injury is defined as extending into the subcutaneous tissue with rolled edges.
A stage 2 pressure injury is defined as extending into the subcutaneous tissue with rolled edges.
False (B)
Before staging a pressure injury covered with eschar, what action must be taken?
Before staging a pressure injury covered with eschar, what action must be taken?
Eschar removal
______ is the fine, downy hair observed on newborns.
______ is the fine, downy hair observed on newborns.
Match the following skin conditions with their descriptions:
Match the following skin conditions with their descriptions:
Which characteristic is most indicative of melanoma?
Which characteristic is most indicative of melanoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma is more common than basal cell carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma is more common than basal cell carcinoma.
Describe the typical appearance of basal cell carcinoma.
Describe the typical appearance of basal cell carcinoma.
A lesion described as circular, beginning in the center and spreading to the periphery, is best characterized as:
A lesion described as circular, beginning in the center and spreading to the periphery, is best characterized as:
__________ lesions are characterized by lesions that run together.
__________ lesions are characterized by lesions that run together.
Acne and skin tags are examples of what type of lesion distribution?
Acne and skin tags are examples of what type of lesion distribution?
Contact dermatitis is an example of linear lesions.
Contact dermatitis is an example of linear lesions.
Which lesion type is arranged along a unilateral nerve route?
Which lesion type is arranged along a unilateral nerve route?
Describe what is meant by the term exudate, in the context of skin lesions.
Describe what is meant by the term exudate, in the context of skin lesions.
Match each primary lesion type with its description:
Match each primary lesion type with its description:
Which of the following is an example of a primary skin lesion?
Which of the following is an example of a primary skin lesion?
A fissure is classified as a primary skin lesion.
A fissure is classified as a primary skin lesion.
Describe the characteristics of a pustule.
Describe the characteristics of a pustule.
Which characteristic best describes a patch?
Which characteristic best describes a patch?
A solid, elevated, hard or soft skin lesion greater than 1 cm that may extend deeper into the dermis is called a _________.
A solid, elevated, hard or soft skin lesion greater than 1 cm that may extend deeper into the dermis is called a _________.
A superficial, raised, erythematous, and slightly irregular lesion is best described as a:
A superficial, raised, erythematous, and slightly irregular lesion is best described as a:
Urticaria is characterized by single, isolated wheals.
Urticaria is characterized by single, isolated wheals.
Describe the key features of a bulla.
Describe the key features of a bulla.
Match the following vascular lesions with their descriptions:
Match the following vascular lesions with their descriptions:
Which characteristic is most indicative of an erosion?
Which characteristic is most indicative of an erosion?
A scar represents the replacement of injured tissue with muscle tissue.
A scar represents the replacement of injured tissue with muscle tissue.
What color would a young scar be?
What color would a young scar be?
Which type of hair primarily functions in thermoregulation?
Which type of hair primarily functions in thermoregulation?
Darker, thicker hair is referred to as ___________ hair, which protects the scalp and filters dust and debris.
Darker, thicker hair is referred to as ___________ hair, which protects the scalp and filters dust and debris.
Seborrheic dermatitis is commonly known as:
Seborrheic dermatitis is commonly known as:
Clubbing of the nails indicates a nutrient deficiency.
Clubbing of the nails indicates a nutrient deficiency.
What is the normal angle of the nail base to the skin?
What is the normal angle of the nail base to the skin?
Match the following structures with their functions
Match the following structures with their functions
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
Cancerous lymph nodes are typically mobile and tender to the touch.
Cancerous lymph nodes are typically mobile and tender to the touch.
List four characteristics of healthy, normal lymph nodes.
List four characteristics of healthy, normal lymph nodes.
Match the lymph node locations with their anatomical position:
Match the lymph node locations with their anatomical position:
What is the primary function of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
What is the primary function of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
During pregnancy, the thyroid gland typically decreases in size.
During pregnancy, the thyroid gland typically decreases in size.
What does the term 'normocephalic' describe?
What does the term 'normocephalic' describe?
A stage 2 pressure injury is characterized by:
A stage 2 pressure injury is characterized by:
An unstageable pressure injury can be accurately assessed without removing any eschar.
An unstageable pressure injury can be accurately assessed without removing any eschar.
What is the term for the fine, downy hair found on newborns?
What is the term for the fine, downy hair found on newborns?
The thick, cheesy substance present on newborns that aids in temperature regulation is known as ______.
The thick, cheesy substance present on newborns that aids in temperature regulation is known as ______.
Match the following skin lesions with their descriptions:
Match the following skin lesions with their descriptions:
Which of the following is the most common type of skin cancer, characterized by slow growth and a pearly translucent appearance?
Which of the following is the most common type of skin cancer, characterized by slow growth and a pearly translucent appearance?
Squamous cell carcinoma is less common than basal cell carcinoma and is known for its slow growth rate.
Squamous cell carcinoma is less common than basal cell carcinoma and is known for its slow growth rate.
What is the term for lesions that resemble the iris of a bullseye, often associated with conditions like Lyme disease?
What is the term for lesions that resemble the iris of a bullseye, often associated with conditions like Lyme disease?
Lesions arranged linearly along a unilateral nerve route are described as ______ lesions.
Lesions arranged linearly along a unilateral nerve route are described as ______ lesions.
Match the following primary lesions with their descriptions:
Match the following primary lesions with their descriptions:
Which of the following skin lesions is classified as secondary?
Which of the following skin lesions is classified as secondary?
A scar is considered a primary skin lesion.
A scar is considered a primary skin lesion.
What is the term for the small, flat, non-palpable skin lesion characterized by a change in color and a size less than 1 cm?
What is the term for the small, flat, non-palpable skin lesion characterized by a change in color and a size less than 1 cm?
A ______ is an encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in the dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating the skin.
A ______ is an encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in the dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating the skin.
Match term with the skin lesion feature
Match term with the skin lesion feature
A superficial, raised, transient, and erythematous skin lesion, often irregular in shape, is best described as a:
A superficial, raised, transient, and erythematous skin lesion, often irregular in shape, is best described as a:
Vellus hair is characterized as darker, thicker hair that protects the scalp and filters dust and debris.
Vellus hair is characterized as darker, thicker hair that protects the scalp and filters dust and debris.
What is the expected angle of the nail base to the skin?
What is the expected angle of the nail base to the skin?
Nutrient deficiency is a potential cause of ______ lines on the nails.
Nutrient deficiency is a potential cause of ______ lines on the nails.
Lymph Nodes Matching
Lymph Nodes Matching
Which of the following characteristics is most indicative of infected lymph nodes?
Which of the following characteristics is most indicative of infected lymph nodes?
Cancerous lymph nodes are typically mobile upon palpation.
Cancerous lymph nodes are typically mobile upon palpation.
Name the muscle that primarily functions to rotate and flex the head.
Name the muscle that primarily functions to rotate and flex the head.
Lymph nodes filter ______ fluid to engulf pathogens.
Lymph nodes filter ______ fluid to engulf pathogens.
The thyroid gland produces which hormones to stimulate the rate of cellular metabolism?
The thyroid gland produces which hormones to stimulate the rate of cellular metabolism?
The thyroid gland typically decreases in size during pregnancy.
The thyroid gland typically decreases in size during pregnancy.
What term describes a round and symmetric skull that is appropriately related to body size?
What term describes a round and symmetric skull that is appropriately related to body size?
[Blank] is the term for an abnormally small head size.
[Blank] is the term for an abnormally small head size.
Which of the following best describes a stage 3 pressure injury?
Which of the following best describes a stage 3 pressure injury?
Deep tissue pressure injuries are characterized by blanchable redness that resolves quickly upon pressure relief.
Deep tissue pressure injuries are characterized by blanchable redness that resolves quickly upon pressure relief.
What is the term used to describe dry skin on the scalp commonly observed in infants?
What is the term used to describe dry skin on the scalp commonly observed in infants?
Which characteristic is most concerning when assessing a mole for potential melanoma?
Which characteristic is most concerning when assessing a mole for potential melanoma?
Basal cell carcinoma is more likely to metastasize compared to squamous cell carcinoma.
Basal cell carcinoma is more likely to metastasize compared to squamous cell carcinoma.
What type of lesion is associated with contact dermatitis?
What type of lesion is associated with contact dermatitis?
Which skin condition often presents with confluent lesions?
Which skin condition often presents with confluent lesions?
Erosion extends into the dermis and leaves a scar upon healing.
Erosion extends into the dermis and leaves a scar upon healing.
What color is typically associated with a young scar?
What color is typically associated with a young scar?
Which of the following is a primary function of terminal hair?
Which of the following is a primary function of terminal hair?
Which of the following describes telangiectasia?
Which of the following describes telangiectasia?
Seborrheic dermatitis is another terms for clubbing
Seborrheic dermatitis is another terms for clubbing
The skull is divided into what two sections?
The skull is divided into what two sections?
A client presents with a skin injury that involves loss of the epidermis and an exposed dermis. Which stage of pressure injury is this?
A client presents with a skin injury that involves loss of the epidermis and an exposed dermis. Which stage of pressure injury is this?
Eschar must be removed from an unstageable pressure injury before it can be accurately staged.
Eschar must be removed from an unstageable pressure injury before it can be accurately staged.
The thick, cheesy substance present on newborns that aids in temperature regulation is called ______.
The thick, cheesy substance present on newborns that aids in temperature regulation is called ______.
Match the following descriptions with the corresponding type of skin lesion:
Match the following descriptions with the corresponding type of skin lesion:
Basal cell carcinoma is characterized by rapid growth and does not require removal.
Basal cell carcinoma is characterized by rapid growth and does not require removal.
A patient presents with an erythematous, scaly patch with sharp margins. This is most likely which type of carcinoma?
A patient presents with an erythematous, scaly patch with sharp margins. This is most likely which type of carcinoma?
A lesion that resembles the iris of a bullseye with concentric rings of color is described as a(n) ______ lesion.
A lesion that resembles the iris of a bullseye with concentric rings of color is described as a(n) ______ lesion.
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate skin lesion type:
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate skin lesion type:
Which type of skin lesion is a mosquito bite?
Which type of skin lesion is a mosquito bite?
Scars are classified as primary skin lesions.
Scars are classified as primary skin lesions.
What causes Beau's lines?
What causes Beau's lines?
The sternomastoid muscle is responsible for rotating and ______ the head.
The sternomastoid muscle is responsible for rotating and ______ the head.
Match the lymph node locations with their corresponding number
Match the lymph node locations with their corresponding number
During an assessment, you palpate a lymph node that is larger than 1 cm, firm, and non-tender. What does this indicate?
During an assessment, you palpate a lymph node that is larger than 1 cm, firm, and non-tender. What does this indicate?
Enlargement and thickening of the skull and facial bones, often related to excessive growth hormone, is known as ______.
Enlargement and thickening of the skull and facial bones, often related to excessive growth hormone, is known as ______.
Match the type of hair with the function:
Match the type of hair with the function:
Flashcards
Stage 1 pressure injury
Stage 1 pressure injury
Non-blanchable redness of intact skin.
Stage 2 pressure injury
Stage 2 pressure injury
Loss of epidermis, dermis exposed; open skin.
Stage 3 pressure injury
Stage 3 pressure injury
Extends into subcutaneous tissue; rolled edges.
Stage 4 pressure injury
Stage 4 pressure injury
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Deep tissue pressure injury
Deep tissue pressure injury
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Unstageable pressure injury
Unstageable pressure injury
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Lanugo
Lanugo
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Vernix caseosa
Vernix caseosa
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Milia
Milia
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Cradle cap
Cradle cap
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Melanoma
Melanoma
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Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
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Annular lesions
Annular lesions
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Example of annular lesion
Example of annular lesion
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Confluent Lesion
Confluent Lesion
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What is an example of confluent lesions?
What is an example of confluent lesions?
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Discrete lesions
Discrete lesions
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Example of a discrete lesion?
Example of a discrete lesion?
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Grouped lesions
Grouped lesions
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Example of grouped lesions?
Example of grouped lesions?
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Linear lesions
Linear lesions
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Example of a linear lesion?
Example of a linear lesion?
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Target lesions
Target lesions
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Example of target lesions
Example of target lesions
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Zosteriform lesions
Zosteriform lesions
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Example of zosteriform lesions
Example of zosteriform lesions
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What is exudate?
What is exudate?
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Macule and patch: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Macule and patch: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Papule and plaque: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Papule and plaque: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Nodules and tumors: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Nodules and tumors: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Wheals: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Wheals: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Vesicle and bulla: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Vesicle and bulla: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Cyst: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Cyst: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Pustule: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Pustule: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Fissure: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Fissure: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Erosion: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Erosion: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Ulcer: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Ulcer: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Scar: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Scar: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Hemangioma: primary, secondary, or vascular?
Hemangioma: primary, secondary, or vascular?
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Telangiectasia: primary, secondary, or vascular lesions?
Telangiectasia: primary, secondary, or vascular lesions?
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Petechia: primary, secondary, or vascular lesions?
Petechia: primary, secondary, or vascular lesions?
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Hemangioma
Hemangioma
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Telangiectasia (spider angioma)
Telangiectasia (spider angioma)
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Macule
Macule
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Patch
Patch
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Papule
Papule
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Plaque
Plaque
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Nodule
Nodule
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Tumor
Tumor
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Study Notes
- The skin is the largest organ in the body
Pressure Injuries
- Stage 1: Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin
- Stage 2: Loss of epidermis with exposed dermis
- Stage 3: Extends into subcutaneous tissue; rolled edges present
- Stage 4: All skin layers and surrounding tissue exposed, tunneling, rounded edges
- Deep Tissue: Non-blanchable, deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration with pain and temperature change
- Unstageable: Eschar must be removed to determine stage (3 or 4)
Newborn Skin Conditions
- Lanugo: Fine, downy hair
- Vernix Caseosa: Thick, cheesy substance present at birth for temperature regulation
- Milia: Baby acne
- Cradle Cap: Dry skin on the scalp
Skin Cancer Types
- Melanoma: Brown with irregular borders, frequently found on the trunk, head, and neck
- Basal Cell Carcinoma: Most common, slow growth, pearly translucent top; requires removal
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Erythemic scaly patch with sharp margins, rapid growth; requires removal
Skin Lesion Patterns
- Annular: Circular, starts in the center, spreads to periphery e.g., tinea corporis (ringworm)
- Confluent: Lesions run together e.g., urticaria (hives)
- Discrete: Individual lesions that remain separate e.g., acne, skin tags
- Grouped: Lesions clustered together e.g., contact dermatitis
- Linear: Lesions in a straight line e.g., scratch or streak
- Target: Concentric rings of color in lesions e.g., tick bite/Lyme disease
- Zosteriform: Linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route e.g., herpes zoster (shingles)
Exudate
- Drainage from a lesion or skin that peels off
Primary Skin Lesions
- Macule: Small, flat, non-palpable color change, less than 1 cm, circumscribed border e.g., freckle
- Patch: Small, flat, non-palpable color change, may have irregular border, greater than 1 cm e.g., Mongolian spot
- Papule: Elevated, palpable, small, less than 1 cm e.g., warts
- Plaque: Elevated, palpable, small, greater than 1 cm e.g., psoriasis
- Nodule: Solid, elevated, hard or soft, greater than 1 cm, may extend deeper into the dermis e.g., fibroma
- Tumor: Few cm, firm or soft, deeper into the dermis, may be benign or malignant e.g., lipoma, hemangioma
- Wheal: Superficial, raised, transient, erythematous, slightly irregular e.g., mosquito bite
- Urticaria: Wheals coalesce to form an extensive reaction e.g., hives
- Vesicle: Elevated cavity containing free fluid up to 1 cm e.g., herpes simplex
- Bulla: Greater than 1 cm, thin-walled, easily ruptured e.g., contact dermatitis
- Cyst: Encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin e.g., sebaceous cyst
- Pustule: Pus-filled cavity, circumscribed and elevated e.g., acne, impetigo
Secondary Skin Lesions
- Fissure: Linear crack with abrupt edges, extends into dermis, dry or moist e.g., chapped lips/hands
- Erosion: Scooped out, shallow depression in the skin e.g., aphthous ulcer
- Ulcer: Deeper depression extending into the dermis, irregular shape, may bleed and leave scar when healed e.g., pressure injury
- Scar: Skin mark after healing of a wound or lesion that represents replacement of injured tissue with connective tissue
- Young scars are red or purple.
- Old scars are white
Vascular Skin Lesions
- Hemangioma: Benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels
- Telangiectasia (Spider Angioma): Enlarged and dilated blood vessels
- Petechia: [Definition Missing]
Hair Types
- Vellus: Fine, faint hair, provides thermoregulation (peach fuzz)
- Terminal: Darker, thicker hair, protects scalp and filters dust and debris
Scalp Conditions
- Seborrhea Dermatitis: Dandruff
Nail Assessment
- Normal Nail Angle: 160 degrees at the nail base to skin
- Clubbing: [Definition Missing]
- Beau's Lines: Indicate nutrient deficiency
Head and Neck Anatomy
- Skull Sections: Cranium and face
- Sternomastoid Muscle: Rotates and flexes the head
- Trapezius Muscle: Rotates the shoulder
Lymph Nodes
- Function: Filter lymph fluid, engulf pathogens, produce lymphocytes and antibodies
- Infected Nodes: Large, tender, warm, firm, and mobile
- Cancerous Nodes: Nonmobile
- Normal Characteristics: Less than 1 cm, soft, mobile, non-palpable, and non-tender
Lymph Node Locations
- Preauricular: 1
- Postauricular: 2
- Occipital: 3
- Submental: 4
- Submandibular: 5
- Jugulodigastric (Tonsillar): 6
- Superficial Cervical: 7
- Deep Cervical: 8
- Posterior Cervical: 9
- Supraclavicular: 10
Thyroid
- Hormones: T3 and T4 stimulate the rate of cellular metabolism
- Pregnancy: The thyroid gland slightly enlarges
Head Size
- Normocephalic: Round, symmetric skull appropriately related to body size
- Microcephaly: Abnormally small head
- Macrocephaly: Abnormally large head
- Acromegaly: Enlargement and thickening of the skull and facial bones, potentially from too much growth hormone
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Description
Overview of pressure injuries, their staging from non-blanchable erythema to deep tissue damage, and unstageable wounds requiring eschar removal. Common newborn skin conditions, including lanugo, vernix caseosa, milia, and cradle cap, are discussed, along with skin cancer types like melanoma and basal cell carcinoma.
