Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are functions of the skin? (Select all that apply)

  • Excretion and Absorption (correct)
  • Respiration
  • Vitamin D synthesis (correct)
  • Protection (correct)

    • What are the protective elements of skin? (Select all that apply)

  • Keratin (correct)
  • Keratinocytes
  • Glandular Secretions (correct)
  • Melanin (correct)

    • What is thermoregulation?

    Controls internal temperature

    Why is Vitamin D synthesis important?

    <p>You need Vitamin D to absorb calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epidermis?

    <p>Superficial layer of skin that is avascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are keratinocytes?

    <p>90% of skin cells that produce keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do melanocytes serve?

    <p>They produce melanin and absorb UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Langerhans cells do?

    <p>They have an immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do Merkel cells serve?

    <p>Touch sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the layers of skin from superficial to deep?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the epidermal layers from deep to superficial.

    <p>Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stratum basale?

    <p>Deepest layer where keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells are present and mitosis occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the stratum spinosum?

    <p>Keratinocytes and Langerhans cells are present and melanocyte production occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced in the stratum granulosum?

    <p>Lamellar granules; apoptosis occurs here.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the stratum lucidum found?

    <p>Present only in thick skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stratum corneum?

    <p>Outermost layer that contains keratin and is continuously shed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dermis?

    <p>Deep layer beneath the epidermis that is vascular and includes the papillary and reticular layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the papillary layer?

    <p>Areolar connective tissue with dermal papillae (finger-like projections).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found in the reticular layer?

    <p>Thickest layer made of dense and irregular connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hypodermis?

    <p>Not a part of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pigments contribute to skin color? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hemoglobin do?

    <p>Pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carotene?

    <p>An ingested pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum, appearing orangish-yellow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is melanin?

    <p>Only pigment synthesized in the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albinism indicates that an individual is capable of producing melanin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vitiligo?

    <p>Loss of melanocytes in patches of skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of hair?

    <p>Protection and sensing light touches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the anatomical parts of hair?

    <p>Shaft, root, hair bulb, hair papilla, matrix, arrector pili muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shaft of hair?

    <p>(Inside skin layer) Medulla, cortex, cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the root of hair?

    <p>The part including the medulla, cortex, cuticle, internal root sheath, external root sheath, and dermal root sheath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hair follicle?

    <p>Surrounds the root of the hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alopecia?

    <p>Condition characterized by rapid hair loss in a sharply defined area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different skin exocrine glands? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Merocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Secrete sebum to prevent hair from drying out and keep skin soft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sebum?

    <p>Prevents hair from drying out, keeps skin soft and pliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sudoriferous glands?

    <p>Glands that secrete sweat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes merocrine glands?

    <p>Simple tubular, found in palms, soles, and forehead, duct terminates on the epidermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are apocrine glands found?

    <p>In armpit and genital regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ceruminous gland responsible for?

    <p>Excretes cerumen (earwax).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cerumen?

    <p>Sticky barrier that stops the entrance of foreign bodies into the ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nails composed of?

    <p>Tightly packed keratinized cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nail body?

    <p>Visible portion of nail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lunula?

    <p>The white, thickened area of the stratum basale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nail root?

    <p>Part of the nail that is under the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eponychium?

    <p>The cuticle of the nail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the degrees of burns?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a first degree burn?

    <p>Hurts epidermis; typically a sunburn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a second degree burn?

    <p>Damage to the dermis and hurts epidermis, with blistering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a third degree burn?

    <p>Damage to all layers of skin; might require a skin graft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of nines?

    <p>Used to identify the depth and severity of a burn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of Skin

    • Provides protection against environmental hazards.
    • Regulates body temperature through thermoregulation.
    • Allows cutaneous sensation for touch, temperature, and pain.
    • Synthesizes Vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption.
    • Acts as a blood reservoir holding a significant volume of blood.
    • Facilitates excretion and absorption processes.

    Protective Elements of Skin

    • Keratin: Provides structural strength, found in the epidermis.
    • Lipids: Maintain skin hydration and barrier function.
    • Glandular Secretions: Contribute to skin's antimicrobial properties.
    • Melanin: Offers protection from UV radiation, giving skin color.

    Skin Structure

    • Epidermis: Avascular, composed of multiple layers and four main cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
    • Keratinocytes: Make up 90% of epidermal cells, crucial for producing keratin.
    • Melanocytes: Account for 8% of skin cells and synthesize melanin to absorb UV radiation.
    • Langerhans Cells: Function in the immune response.
    • Merkel Cells: Involved in the sensation of touch.

    Epidermal Layers

    • Stratum Basale: Deepest layer where cell mitosis occurs; contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans, and Merkel cells.
    • Stratum Spinosum: Contains keratinocytes and Langerhans cells; site of melanocyte production.
    • Stratum Granulosum: Contains lamellar granules; where apoptosis occurs.
    • Stratum Lucidum: Present only in thick skin, provides an additional barrier.
    • Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer, composed of keratin, continuously shed.

    Dermis and Hypodermis

    • Dermis: Deep layer beneath the epidermis; vascular with two layers: papillary and reticular.
    • Papillary Layer: Made of areolar connective tissue; contains dermal papillae.
    • Reticular Layer: Thickest layer, comprised of dense irregular connective tissue.
    • Hypodermis: Subcutaneous layer not considered part of the skin.

    Skin Color Factors

    • Hemoglobin: Oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells; influences skin tone and coloration.
    • Carotene: Accumulates in the stratum corneum; provides orangish-yellow color.
    • Melanin: Only pigment produced in the skin; irregularities lead to freckles, albinism (lack of melanin), and vitiligo (patchy loss of melanocytes).

    Hair Anatomy and Functions

    • Functions of Hair: Provides protection and detects light touch.
    • Structures: Comprises the shaft (with medulla, cortex, and cuticle) and root (which includes internal and external root sheaths).
    • Follicles: Surround the hair root, playing a vital role in hair growth.
    • Alopecia: Characterized by hair loss due to varying causes (genetic, hormonal, stress).

    Skin Glands

    • Sebaceous Glands: Holocrine glands that secrete sebum; responsible for skin hydration and protection.
    • Sudoriferous Glands: Divided into merocrine (watery secretion for temperature regulation) and apocrine glands (thicker secretion activated during stress and puberty).
    • Ceruminous Glands: Found in the ear, producing cerumen (earwax) to trap foreign particles.

    Nails

    • Comprised of tightly packed keratinized cells.
    • Nail Anatomy: Includes visible parts like the free edge, body, lunula, cuticle (eponychium), and root.
    • Lunula: Thickened stratum basale appearing white at the base of the nail.

    Burns

    • Classifications: 1st degree (epidermis damage, e.g. sunburn), 2nd degree (epidermis and partial dermis damage, blistering), 3rd degree (full thickness damage requiring skin grafting).
    • Rule of Nines: A method to assess the extent and severity of burns in adults.

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    Test your knowledge of the integumentary system with these flashcards covering its functions and protective elements. Learn about skin's role in thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, and more through these concise definitions.

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