Skeletal System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following bones is classified as a membrano-cartilagenous bone?

  • Clavicle (correct)
  • Humerus
  • Femur
  • Tibia

    • What is the primary function of cancellous bones in the skeletal system?

  • To provide flexibility
  • To resist bending forces
  • To adapt to compressive forces (correct)
  • To enhance strength

    • How many bones are there in the axial skeleton?

  • 132
  • 106
  • 66
  • 80 (correct)

    • Which category does the vertebral column belong to in the regional classification of the skeletal system?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a cartilaginous bone?

    <p>Skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of compact bone in structural classification?

    <p>Dense in texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is included in the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many auditory ossicles are present in each ear?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function do joints serve in the skeletal system?

    <p>To allow for mobility and hold the skeleton together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of fibrous joint?

    <p>Symphyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of joints allows for slight movement?

    <p>Amphiarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous joints are characterized by which of the following features?

    <p>Bones joined by fibrous tissues with no joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural classification of joints based on?

    <p>The material binding the bones and presence of a joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that calcifies to form bone?

    <p>Calcium and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diarthrosis joints are most commonly associated with which type of joint?

    <p>Synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of bone is related to providing a framework for muscle attachment?

    <p>Shape and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms relates specifically to immovable joints?

    <p>Synarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilaginous joints can be described as having which of the following characteristics?

    <p>They are joined by cartilage and can be slightly movable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of bones includes the femur and humerus?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is classified based on its shape as having a shaft and two expanded ends?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a classification method for bones?

    <p>Functional classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bone in relation to blood cell production?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones are characterized by having a cavity and nutrient foramen?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of classification does NOT apply to bones?

    <p>Ossification classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the bone healing process after a fracture?

    <p>Hematoma formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is primarily involved in the formation of the internal callus during bone healing?

    <p>Fibrous tissue and cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the bony callus stage of bone healing?

    <p>Spongy bone trabeculae form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order do the stages of bone healing occur?

    <p>Hematoma, fibrocartilage, bony callus, remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the external callus play in the healing of a fractured bone?

    <p>It provides structural support to the fracture site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cancellous bone from compact bone in terms of their structural arrangement?

    <p>Cancellous bone has lamellae arranged in piles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the functions of the periosteum is accurate?

    <p>The periosteum has a rich blood supply for nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe bony junctions that occur when sutures ossify and fuse in middle age?

    <p>Synostoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of red bone marrow during infancy?

    <p>It actively participates in haemopoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by being immovable and formed by cartilage that is ultimately replaced by bone?

    <p>Cartilaginous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the cortex in an adult long bone?

    <p>The cortex is made up of compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of suture refers to the serrated pattern commonly found in the skull, such as the sagittal suture?

    <p>Sutura serrata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red marrow as an individual ages?

    <p>It is gradually replaced by yellow marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is represented by the elbow and knee, and is classified as freely movable?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial fluid in synovial joints?

    <p>To nourish cartilage and lubricate the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is most commonly found in young fetal bones?

    <p>Fibrous bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for the eroding or destruction of bone tissue?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT found in the structure of an adult long bone?

    <p>Cartilage on the shaft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily fills the medullary cavity of a long bone in adults?

    <p>A mix of red and yellow bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the two major processes through which bone is formed?

    <p>Intramembranous and Endochondral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of fibrous suture found in the skull?

    <p>Sutura plana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skeletal System Overview

    • The skeletal system is the major part of the body's skeleton.
    • The matrix of bone is calcified by calcium and phosphate.
    • The human skeleton comprises 206 bones.
    • Bone is living, vascular connective tissue with a dense, white fibrous tissue matrix embedded in a calcium phosphate complex.
    • Bone demonstrates a characteristic growth pattern and has significant regenerative power.
    • Bone functions include shape and support; muscular attachment; acting as levers; protecting organs; erythropoiesis; and mineral storage.
    • Bone is a hard, highly vascular, dynamic connective tissue.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students will be able to list components, classifications, and major bony landmarks of axial and appendicular skeletons.
    • Students will be able to describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of long bones.
    • Students will be able to explain ossification of bones and blood supply to long bones.

    Classification of Bones

    • Bones are classified according to shape, development, regional characteristics, structural features, and microscopic structure.

    • According to shape: Long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, sesamoid, and accessory bones.

      • Long bones: Elongated shaft with expanded ends; examples: femur, humerus, metacarpals, clavicle.
      • Short bones: Smaller, usually cuboidal; examples: carpal and tarsal bones.
      • Flat bones: Thin, flattened plates; examples: ribs, sternum, scapula, skull bones.
      • Irregular bones: Complex shapes; examples: vertebrae, hip bones.
      • Pneumatic bones: Contain air spaces; examples: maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid bones.
      • Sesamoid bones: Embedded within tendons; examples: patella, pisiform.
      • Accessory bones: Small, extra bones; examples: sutural bones.

    • According to development: Membranous (dermal), cartilaginous, and membranous-cartilaginous bones.

      • Membranous bones: Formed from mesenchymal condensation; examples: skull vault and facial bones.
      • Cartilaginous bones: Develop from pre-existing cartilage models; examples: limb bones, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
      • Membranous-cartilaginous bones: Ossify partly in membrane and partly in cartilage; examples: clavicle, mandible, and temporal bones.

    • Regional classification: Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage) and appendicular skeleton (limb bones).

    Division of Skeletal System

    • Total number of bones in an adult human body: 206

    • Axial skeleton:

      • Skull: Cranium (8) and face (14).
      • Hyoid bone (1)
      • Auditory ossicles (3 in each ear).
      • Vertebral column (26).
      • Sternum (1).
      • Ribs (24).

    • Appendicular skeleton:

      • Pectoral girdles: Clavicle (2) and Scapula (2).
      • Upper extremities (60): Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges.
      • Pelvic girdles: Hip bones (2).
      • Lower extremities (60): Femur, Fibula, Tibia, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges.

    Structural Classification

    • Macroscopic classification:
      • Compact bone: Dense, forms cortex of long bones, adapted to bending and twisting forces.
      • Cancellous bone (spongy bone): Open in texture, made of trabeculae, adapted to compressive forces.
    • Microscopic classification:
      • Lamellar bone: Composed of thin plates of bony lamellae, made up of collagen fibers and mineral salts; found in most mature bones.
      • Fibrous bone: Found in young fetal bones, and common in reptiles and amphibians.
      • Dentine: Found in teeth.
      • Cement: Found in teeth.

    Gross Structure of an Adult Long Bone

    • Shaft (diaphysis): Consists of periosteum, cortex (compact bone), and medullary cavity.
      • Periosteum: Thick fibrous membrane covering the bone, comprising an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular (osteogenic) layer, rich in blood supply, and with pain receptors.
      • Cortex: Composed of compact bone.
    • Medullary cavity: Filled with red bone marrow (active in hematopoiesis) in young individuals; replaced by yellow bone marrow (fatty) later in life.
    • Two ends (epiphyses): Composed of cancellous bone (spongy bone) covered by hyaline cartilage.

    Functions of Periosteum

    • Provides attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
    • Contains a rich blood supply (nutritive function).
    • Its inner cellular layer is osteogenic, facilitating bone formation when needed.
    • Protects bone tissue by acting as a limiting membrane preventing spills into surrounding tissues.

    Bony Landmarks (Axial and Appendicular Skeleton)

    • Protuberances
    • Sutures
    • Notches
    • Margins
    • Foramina
    • Processes
    • Fossae
    • Tuberosities
    • Tubercles
    • Grooves
    • Sulci
    • Cretas

    Joints

    • Junction between two or more bones or cartilages that allows movement and holds the skeleton together.
    • Types of joints:
      • Synarthrosis: Immovable (sutures, gomphoses, synchondroses).
      • Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable (syndesmoses, symphyses).
      • Diarthrosis: Freely movable (synovial).

    Classification of Joints (Structural)

    • Fibrous: Bones joined by fibrous tissue (no joint cavity); most are immovable.
    • Cartilaginous: Bones joined by cartilage (no or limited joint cavity).
    • Synovial: Contains a fluid-filled joint cavity; most are freely movable.

    Osteogenesis

    • Bone formation (osteogenesis) occurs via two methods:
    • Intramembranous ossification: Bone forms within a membrane.
    • Endochondral ossification: Bone forms within a cartilage model.

    Types of Bone Cells

    • Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells, responsible for building bone).
    • Osteocytes (mature bone cells, maintain the bone tissue).
    • Osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).

    Bone Formation and Remodeling

    • Two major phases of ossification in long bones:

      • Osteoblasts multiply and replace cartilage with bone.
      • Cartilage within the diaphysis is digested, creating the medullary cavity.

    • Bone growth and lengthening: Cartilage is continuously formed by chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plates.

    • Bone growth and width (appositional growth): Controlled by growth hormones; epiphyseal plates are converted to bone during adolescence.

    • Remodeling occurs throughout life, responding to blood calcium levels and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton.

    Bone Fractures

    • Fractures treated via reduction (manual coaxing into position by hands; surgically secured with pins, screws, or wires) and immobilization.
    • Steps of fracture repair: Hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling.

    Functional Classification of Joints

    • Synarthrosis: Immovable joints (Sutures, Gomphoses, Synchondroses)
    • Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints (Syndemoses, Symphyses)
    • Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints (Synovial)

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    L3&L4 Skeletal System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the skeletal system with this quiz covering topics such as bone classification, functions of bones, and joint types. Evaluate your understanding of both axial and appendicular skeleton components. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.

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