Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 6 Flashcards
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What are the functions of the skeleton system? (Select all that apply)

  • Respiration
  • Storage (correct)
  • Calcium regulation (correct)
  • Movement (correct)
  • Support (correct)

    • What is a long bone?

    A bone classification in the body, for example, humerus.

    What are short bones?

    A bone classification in the body, for example, carpal bones.

    What is a flat bone?

    <p>A bone classification in the body, for example, parietal bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an irregular bone?

    <p>A bone classification in the body, for example, vertebra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sutural bones?

    <p>A bone classification in the body, for example, the sutures on the top of the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sesamoid bone?

    <p>A bone classification in the body, for example, the patella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compact bone?

    <p>Dense, glossy, bright type of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an osteon?

    <p>The basic unit of compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Haversian system?

    <p>Central canal and its network of blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spongy bone?

    <p>Open network of trabeculae, and there are no osteons within.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diaphysis?

    <p>A bone structure like a shaft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphysis?

    <p>A bone structure that is proximal and distal, mostly spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaphysis?

    <p>Cartilage plate reduced to a line at puberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is articular cartilage?

    <p>The exterior part of the long bone which is like hyaline, more watery and very slick.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is periosteum?

    <p>The exterior part of the long bone that is a fibrous lining of bone which isolates the bone from other tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fibrous layer?

    <p>The outer layer of the periosteum which blends with tendons and ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Sharpey's fibers?

    <p>The area where the tendon and the periosteum are blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cellular layer?

    <p>The inner layer of the periosteum involved with growth and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the endosteum?

    <p>The interior structure of the long bone which is an incomplete layer of osteoprogenitor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are osteoprogenitor cells?

    <p>Stem cells that line the endosteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the marrow cavity?

    <p>The interior structure of a long bone that contains yellow marrow and red marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is yellow marrow?

    <p>Adipose tissue that is important in energy reserve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is red marrow?

    <p>A blood cell formation spot that is found between the struts of the spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lamellae?

    <p>The calcified matrix which is 1/3 collagen fibers and 2/3 calcium salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are osteoblasts?

    <p>Cells that build bone and synthesize new matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are osteoclasts?

    <p>Cells that dissolve bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are canaliculi?

    <p>The way cells are connected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ossification?

    <p>Converting other tissue to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intramembranous ossification?

    <p>A type of ossification in which embryonic tissue is converted to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endochondrial ossification?

    <p>A type of ossification where cartilage is converted to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nutrient artery?

    <p>Branch that supplies blood throughout the diaphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the periosteal artery?

    <p>Supplies blood to the superficial osteons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metaphyseal artery?

    <p>Supplies blood to the epiphyseal plate at the diaphysis side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does calcitonin do?

    <p>Decreases blood calcium levels, protects the upper limit of calcium concentration in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is PTH?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone that increases blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an open fracture?

    <p>A complex fracture in which bone sticks out of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a closed fracture?

    <p>A simple fracture where the bone is fractured under the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a greenstick fracture?

    <p>A fracture where the bone bends and partially breaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a spiral fracture?

    <p>A fracture that is in a spiral pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Pott's fracture?

    <p>An avulsion fracture of the ankle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Colles fracture?

    <p>Compression fracture of the wrist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an epiphyseal fracture?

    <p>Involves the growth plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compression fracture?

    <p>The crush or collapse of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the repair process of bone?

    <p>Adequate blood flow after injury and survival of cells within periosteum and endosteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hematoma?

    <p>Forms to control bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an external callus?

    <p>Cells of the periosteum stabilize the outer surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an internal callus?

    <p>Cells of the endosteum stabilize the inner surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osteoporosis?

    <p>A decrease in bone density to the extent it compromises normal daily function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are RANKL inhibitors?

    <p>An osteoporosis medication that inhibits osteoclast activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bisphosphonates?

    <p>An osteoporosis medication that inhibits osteoclasts and increases bone mineralization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hormone replacement therapy do?

    <p>Stimulates osteoblast activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Evista?

    <p>Stimulates bone growth and lowers cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of the Skeletal System

    • Provides support for the body and its organs
    • Acts as a storage site for minerals, particularly calcium
    • Responsible for the production of blood cells in the bone marrow
    • Regulates calcium levels in the bloodstream
    • Offers protection for vital organs
    • Facilitates leverage and movement

    Bone Classifications

    • Long Bones: Characterized by length exceeding width; an example is the humerus
    • Short Bones: Roughly cube-shaped, exemplified by carpal bones
    • Flat Bones: Thin, plate-like structures, such as the parietal bone
    • Irregular Bones: Complex shapes like the vertebrae
    • Sutural Bones: Small bones found within sutures of the skull
    • Sesamoid Bones: Embedded within tendons, with the patella as a key example

    Bone Structure and Composition

    • Compact Bone: Dense and strong tissue forming the outer layer of bones
    • Osteon: The fundamental structural unit of compact bone
    • Haversian System: Comprises the central canal and surrounding blood vessels
    • Spongy Bone: Contains an open network of trabeculae and lacks osteons

    Bone Anatomy

    • Diaphysis: The elongated shaft of a long bone
    • Epiphysis: The proximal and distal ends of long bones, primarily consisting of spongy bone
    • Metaphysis: Contains the growth plate, transforming into a line after puberty
    • Articular Cartilage: Smooth, slippery surface covering the ends of bones
    • Periosteum: Protective fibrous lining of bones aiding in attachment of tendons and ligaments
    • Fibrous Layer: The outer layer of periosteum promoting firm connections
    • Cellular Layer: Inner periosteum layer responsible for growth and repair
    • Endosteum: A thin membrane lining the marrow cavity and central canals, containing osteoprogenitor cells

    Bone Cells and Production

    • Osteoprogenitor Cells: Stem cells that aid in bone growth, located in the endosteum
    • Osteoblasts: Cells that build up bone matrix
    • Osteoclasts: Cells involved in bone resorption and dissolution
    • Canaliculi: Tiny channels connecting bone cells for nutrient exchange

    Bone Growth and Ossification

    • Ossification: The process of converting various tissues into bone
    • Intramembranous Ossification: Conversion of embryonic tissue directly into bone
    • Endochondrial Ossification: Development of bone from a pre-existing cartilage model

    Blood Supply and Nutrient Flow

    • Nutrient Artery: Supplies blood to the diaphysis
    • Periosteal Artery: Provides blood to outer osteons
    • Metaphyseal Artery: Nourishes the epiphyseal plate during growth

    Calcium Regulation

    • Calcitonin: Hormone lowering blood calcium levels
    • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Hormone that raises blood calcium levels

    Types of Bone Fractures

    • Open Fracture: Exposed fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin
    • Closed Fracture: Fracture without skin penetration
    • Greenstick Fracture: Incomplete fracture often seen in children
    • Spiral Fracture: A twisting type of fracture, often due to injury
    • Pott's Fracture: A fracture caused by an avulsion injury at the ankle
    • Colles Fracture: A fracture of the distal radius in the wrist
    • Epiphyseal Fracture: Fracture involving the growth plate
    • Compression Fracture: Results from bone collapse

    Bone Repair Process

    • Requires sufficient blood flow and cell viability in periosteum and endosteum
    • Hematoma Formation: Collection of blood to control bleeding post-injury
    • External Callus: Stabilizes the outer layers using periosteum cells
    • Internal Callus: Stabilizes inner surfaces through endosteum cells

    Bone Density and Health

    • Osteoporosis: Condition characterized by reduced bone density, particularly in petite Caucasian women
    • RANKL Inhibitors: Medications that decrease osteoclast activity in osteoporosis
    • Bisphosphonates: Drugs that enhance bone density by inhibiting osteoclasts
    • Hormone Replacement Therapy: Boosts osteoblast activity to maintain bone health
    • Evista: A medication that promotes bone growth while also lowering cholesterol levels

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    Explore the key concepts of the skeletal system with these flashcards covering essential bone classifications and their functions. Ideal for students in Anatomy & Physiology, these cards will help reinforce your understanding and retention of critical information. Prepare effectively for your exams!

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