Skeletal System Quiz: Short Bones and Functions

Skeletal System: Key Components

• Short bones: found in hands and feet, provide support and facilitate small movements.
• Major organs include bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow.
• Irregular bones: have complex shapes (carpals, tarsals, vertebrae).
• Sesamoid bones: embedded in tendons (e.g., patella, pisiform bone).
• Functions of the skeletal system include support, protection of tissues, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.

Types of Bones

• Long bones: hollow, lightweight structures in arms and legs, essential for weight support and movement.
• Flat bones: protect and support organs (ribs, breastbone, pelvis, skull, scapula).
• Parts of long bones:
  • Periosteum: membrane lining the bone.
  • Spongy bone: loose connective tissue found within bones.
  • Compact bone: dense connective tissue that forms the outer layer.
  • Nutrient canal: contains nutrient arteries.
  • Bone marrow: site for red blood cell production.
  • Marrow cavity: space for bone marrow.

Muscular System: Structure and Functions

• Major organs include skeletal muscles, tendons, and aponeuroses.
• Functions: movements, protection, support for tissues, and heat generation.
• Muscle structures include:
  • Endomysium: wraps around individual muscle fibers.
  • Muscle fibers: bundles of myofibrils, containing myofilaments (myosin and actin).
  • Sarcomere: unit for muscle contraction with thick and thin filaments.
• Functional classifications of muscles:
  • Agonists: primary movers in a motion.
  • Antagonists: oppose agonists to prevent overstretching.
  • Synergists: assist agonists in movements.

Respiratory System: Structure and Functions

• Major organs include nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
• Functions: deliver air for gas exchange, provide oxygen, remove CO2, and produce sounds.
• Principles of respiration: gas exchange, oxygen transport, and CO2 removal via diffusion.
• Respiratory organs have characteristics: thin, moist, vascular, elastic, and large surface areas for efficient gas exchange.
• Respiration rate controlled by the medulla.

Digestive System: Major Functions and Components

• Major organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
• Functions: processing food, absorbing nutrients and water, and energy storage.
• Main stages of food processing:
  • Ingestion: intake of food.
  • Digestion: breaking down food into molecules.
  • Absorption: nutrient uptake.
  • Elimination: expelling undigested materials.
• Accessory organs include the gallbladder, pancreas, and liver.

Circulatory System: Key Organ and Functions

• Major organs: heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Functions: maintain blood circulation, distribute nutrients and waste, and regulate temperature.
• Humans have a closed circulatory system; blood is confined to vessels, allowing efficient transport without mixing with interstitial fluid.
• Heart structure:
  • Epicardium: outer layer.
  • Myocardium: middle layer, composed of cardiac muscle.
  • Endocardium: inner lining of heart chambers.
• Circulation pathways:
  • Pulmonary Circuit: moves blood from the right heart to lungs and back to the left heart.
  • Systemic Circuit: circulates blood from the left heart to the body’s tissues.

Test your knowledge on the skeletal system with a focus on short bones and their vital functions. This quiz covers major organs such as bones, cartilages, and ligaments, and their roles in facilitating small movements in hands and feet.